Free Essays on Rise And Decline Of Persia, Greece (era Of The Polis), And Republican Rome

History is often a story that always turns out to be cyclical in nature. With every changing and sometimes the decline of civilizations we must consider important factors or otherwise known as matrix factors. With the onset of the empire we must first look to the Persians (625 BCE- 486 BCE). This empire was vast and expanded from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus River. Thus the actual geography ranged from coastal to arid dessert which was rich in semi precious stones, gold, silver and copper which would prove very useful when Darius decides to mint his own gold coins for currency. Compared to the Greek Polis city states (800 BCE- 300 BCE) which was predominately coastal had a rocky terrain. Farmers and Sheppard were seen as the backbone of society even though the merchants kept the city wealthy. The influx of trade and commerce was vital to the Polis, without it Greece would surely starve, as Greece was already in a constant state of overpopulation. The Greeks of the polis were im planted in the land that they cultivated and owned, it was a way of life. Unlike the Persian Empire that sought out to merely dominant and conquers as much land and people as possible the Greek polis was not a place but a group of people that identified with one another. Persians had an empire of a various array of peoples, they had horseback messengers on roads that they built (that would later be used by the Romans), a centralized government that was a kingship, and subjects that were allowed to continue native customs –such as the Jews. The every strong feelings of appealing to the general populace was also very evident in the roman empire with Tiberius, trying to limit land ownership. Greeks had a different view, if you were not of the polis you were nothing to society and could be killed at will. The Roman republic (27 BCE- 500 CE) has distinct similarities with the Persian Empire, even though the Persian Empire was long gone before the Romans wer... Free Essays on Rise And Decline Of Persia, Greece (era Of The Polis), And Republican Rome Free Essays on Rise And Decline Of Persia, Greece (era Of The Polis), And Republican Rome History is often a story that always turns out to be cyclical in nature. With every changing and sometimes the decline of civilizations we must consider important factors or otherwise known as matrix factors. With the onset of the empire we must first look to the Persians (625 BCE- 486 BCE). This empire was vast and expanded from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus River. Thus the actual geography ranged from coastal to arid dessert which was rich in semi precious stones, gold, silver and copper which would prove very useful when Darius decides to mint his own gold coins for currency. Compared to the Greek Polis city states (800 BCE- 300 BCE) which was predominately coastal had a rocky terrain. Farmers and Sheppard were seen as the backbone of society even though the merchants kept the city wealthy. The influx of trade and commerce was vital to the Polis, without it Greece would surely starve, as Greece was already in a constant state of overpopulation. The Greeks of the polis were im planted in the land that they cultivated and owned, it was a way of life. Unlike the Persian Empire that sought out to merely dominant and conquers as much land and people as possible the Greek polis was not a place but a group of people that identified with one another. Persians had an empire of a various array of peoples, they had horseback messengers on roads that they built (that would later be used by the Romans), a centralized government that was a kingship, and subjects that were allowed to continue native customs –such as the Jews. The every strong feelings of appealing to the general populace was also very evident in the roman empire with Tiberius, trying to limit land ownership. Greeks had a different view, if you were not of the polis you were nothing to society and could be killed at will. The Roman republic (27 BCE- 500 CE) has distinct similarities with the Persian Empire, even though the Persian Empire was long gone before the Romans wer...

Symbolic Model of Leadership Essays

Symbolic Model of Leadership Essays Symbolic Model of Leadership Essay Symbolic Model of Leadership Essay Am I too old/young? , Will the locals chase me out? Are there sharks swimming around out there? , and Do you think I will really be able to stand up? . The laidback cultural lifestyle of surfers helps put any stress at ease. XXSS instructors explain how the lessons are conduc ed t , discuss any possible but unlikely dangers, and reassure guests that they will have the time of their life experiencing a culture that is sometimes misunderstood. The instructors all look the part bikinis and board shorts and have such a great enthusiasm for their Job because they get to share an important part of their lifestyle ith others. They have a style of language that they use with the guests that often bring humor to the experience. Using slang terms such as Hangloose, Knarly Ride, Rad Wave, and giving the Shaka are all part of the show and guests love it. They repeat these sayings and flash the Shaka back (or if they are Japanese its usually the Peace sign). While out in the line up, the instructors explain about some of the misconceptions of the surf culture and the proper etiquette to use out in the line-up. By educating the guests of the surf etiquette, it opens up a whole new vision to the culture and tereotypes associated with surfing. Something as simple as knowing which surfer has the right of way when dropping in on a wave can make a huge difference in whether they may experience localism (or being yelled at) in the water. However, most of the surf breaks in Waikiki are known as beginner areas and the locals out there will respect that, unless your being a kook, or someone who has no respect for others and their safety in the water. The backdrop of the stage is the beautiful, clear, blue Pacific Ocean. While waiting for a set to roll in, guests are enamored by the scenery that you can only ppreciate from the perspective you get being out on the ocean. From the skyline of Waikiki, to the beautiful mountains, to the peak of Diamondhead Crater, they get to immerse themselves right in the middle of the culture of the Islands of Hawaii as well. The instructors can tell some of the stories and legends of how the volcano was formed, point out the surf break the famous Duke surfed at, and if the guests are lucky, they can meet Moku the resident Green Sea Turtle who frequents the area. instructors are knowledgeable about the formations of the reef and how that effects when and how the waves break. They are taught certain aspects of the surf culture not only so that it may be appreciated and better understood, but also so it may invite newcomers to love and respect the sport. Some have even gone as far as changing their own lifestyle so they can embrace the surf lifestyle as their own. Unfortunately, this isnt always feasible for everyone, but at least with XXSS, they offer visitors a chance to at least bring some of the culture home with them. Inside the shop, Swag or surf apparel with the XXSS logo can be purchased such as t-shirts or hats and young kids can get temporary tattoos (which they love to stick ll over their bodies). Exclusive to XXSS, guests have the option to take home some sick photos or a totally rad DVD of their experience. Each lesson that goes out is photographed and filmed by XXSSs partner editing company, which customizes photos and DVDs to take home with them. Each video showcases the entire experience from the land lesson to their first ride to the high five from the instructor at the end. The personal mini documentary encompasses shots of the island and some sea creatures and captures every exciting moment of the guests experience. It is burned to a play list of music from the surf culture and can include songs such as, Wipeout by the Surfaris, Surf Song by Jack Johnson, and Sweet Honey by Slightly Stoopid XXSSs visitors enjoy taking home a keepsake ot their adventure and will show the DVD to friends and family and many of their photos are displayed on media sites such as blogs and Facebook. Not only do the guests get to take home and share the surf school culture with others, it help stimulate more business for XXSS and aid in its success. Embracing culture is very important for XXSS to be successful. Someone who is seeking out surfing lessons would not want to walk into an office building and find their instructor behind a cubicle waiting for them. They would not want someone who is sitting behind a desk most of the day to change out of their suit and tie and take them on a business ride. Parents come to XXSS to find safe, knowledgeable surfers to take their kids out; women come to find that hot surf boy-next-door to paddle them out; and guys want cute chics in bikinis carrying surfboards around. It is all part of the lifestyle and culture surrounding most surf schools. But the ones who are successful, are the ones who are fun, safe, have enthusiasm, and Spirit which is the essence of high performance (Boleman Deal, 2008, pg. 290). Symbolic perspectives may question traditional views on how to build a team, but finding the right people and combining the symbols of play, teamwork, ritual, stories, and myth will certainly enhance it (Boleman Deal, 2008, pg. 290). XXSS prides most of its success with the high praise and reviews the organization receives from the guests and from people stopping by because they read the reviews or say that XXSS as recommended to them. Most importantly, the visitors who return to Hawaii year after year and come surf with XXSS year after year are the most valuable because those are the ones who make it all worthwhile. They are the ones who really fell in love with surfing and they are the ones to embrace and share in its beautiful and special cultural style. XXSS has a team of instructors (owner included) who form a community, share culture, find meaning in their work and most importantly, they have Soul. Peak performance will emerge as a team discovers it Soul (Boleman Deal, 2008, pg. 291). Surfers around the world have the Spirit and the Soul to do what they do. Combine that with people who love to teach and share those things, then you will have a fun, exciting place to learn about the world of surfing Just like youd find at XXSS. In the words of the Surfer Dude on catching a great ride: Its Just like Dude, you get the best barrels ever, dude. Its Just like, you pull in and you Just get spitted outem. You Just drop in, smack the lip Waapah! Just drop drown Swoopah! And then after that you Just drop in, ride the barrel and get pitted, sooo pitted.

Elasticity of Demand Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Elasticity of Demand - Assignment Example Coffee, tea, and cocoa are substitute products under the beverages category, which causes cross price elasticity to be positive. This means a rise in the price of coffee causes the demand for tea to rise (Nicholson and Snyder, 2014). A coffee processor will always record increased total income after it lowers the price of its coffee products because of cross elasticity. Cross elasticity occurs mostly because of two opposing forces on overall sales returns when coffee products decrease in price. The first force originates from the processing company imposing a reduced price on every unit on sale (Nicholson and Snyder, 2014). The first force lowers total income. Nevertheless, the law of demand compels the amount of products customers are ready to buy to increase after a reduction in price. This law comes to play in the cross elasticity of demand for coffee. The other force of a reduction in coffee price is inclined to raise income since the amount of units sold rise too (Nicholson and Snyder,

The positive changes in the economy of the United States during Bill Research Paper

The positive changes in the economy of the United States during Bill Clinton's term as President of the United States of America - Research Paper Example Clinton also ratified a large deficit reduction plan. One of the main reasons why Clinton was so successful was because he had skilled financial advisers who encouraged him to create practical policy decisions. Clinton’s economic policies would strengthen the American middle class thus assisting low-income families to capitalize on opportunities to lift themselves from the state of disenfranchisement. Clinton’s economic policies also made it possible for grants to be supplied to the science, educational, and infrastructure sectors, while tackling bridging fiscal gap. These policies essentially made it possible for the United States to benefit from the economic success that it would experience in the 1990s. A robust middle class is necessary for any nation to become developed. A weak middle class group can cause the national economy to stagnate. To strengthen the American middle class, Clinton created policies which would help families to be able to rebound from temporary financial stresses. Clinton was lucky in this respect because his actions were supported by congress; which is something that few presidents are lucky enough to experience. Some of these policies included: The Family and Medical Leave Act - This regulation made it possible for parents to be able to benefit from up to 84 days of unpaid leave when they needed to care for sick relatives or their infant children. Business organizations could not dismiss workers who made the decision to take advantage of this act. Increased minimum wages - Congress, in 1996, agreed to a 20 percent increase for workers who subsisted on minimum wage. This meant that those who formerly earned $4.25 per hour would then start earning $5.15 per hour. This increase would positively affect approximately 10 million full-time workers (Wood, 72). This incentive would not impact negatively on American employers. The child tax credit - President

Cyber education Essay Example for Free

Cyber education Essay Examinations are a means of measuring the students’ learning in school and their capacity for further education. In this regard, the manner of teaching and the students’ learning methods are important. A student, while in primary and secondary schools, greatly relies on the teachers for knowledge, except for a few who do personal researches to further their understanding. More often than not, a student accepts what the teachers offer in school. With this set up, a student has to be abreast and attentive with classroom discussion. He should take down notes and submit in a timely manner the projects and assignments given in school. Participation in classroom discussion and school activities must be encouraged. Interest in school must be inculcated in the mind of every student to support the knowledge and understanding obtained from the classroom. This is to enable the student to have a more enjoyable stay in school. The more enjoyable the learning process is, the more retention of knowledge there. Cyber education is not at all detestable. Students’ learning is more enhanced if the mode of teaching is something which interests him. Cyber education is one that interests me and I think, is equally true with others. Where there is not much interaction with the teachers, the concept that it is more enjoyable makes the information stick into our minds. However, the concern of many that this might lead to no interaction at all with teachers, thus prevents the control of teachers on the students disregarding their personal differences and characteristics, should not be disregarded. Their concern is equally important. Thus, it is humbly proposed that learning be not limited to the traditional type of teaching, but must be combined with cyber school on some selected subjects suitable to it. A student must be exposed to both the traditional type of teaching and cyber school. It is of utmost importance that he is able to retain the information and apply what have been learned in school.

Individualism Essay -- essays papers

Individualism 1) An individualist is considered to be someone with personality and character, someone who is not easily intimidated by social pressure or customs, someone with a personal opinion and a singular view of the world. Because modern society finds it important that people think independently, decide autonomously and take personal initiatives, the concept of individualism has acquired a positive connotation. However, individualism is also linked with the tendency to withdraw from social life and turn in towards oneself. 2) Which drives people to withdraw into a small, enclosed world consisting of their family and a few select friends, leaving the rest of society to its own devices. 3) Courageous individualism refers to the dedication shown by people who have independently chosen for something or someone and work energetically for its sake in spite of opposition from family or society; indifferent individualism refers to people who have either lost all hope in their fellow human beings or are no longer interested in initiatives of a social nature, with the result that they are prepared to withdraw from society at all costs. 4) people who have received less education and who find themselves in a precarious economic situation are more quickly inclined to believe that it is 'everyone for himself' in our society: on this view, politicians pay no attention to the needs of the people, society develops in a chaotic and unpredictable manner, the welfare we once enjoyed belongs definitively to the past, life has little meaning, and there are no longer any people or associations to which one can make an appeal. 5)On the other hand, whoever considers work not only as one's own achievement but also as an opportunity provided by the community, and whoever sees it as one's duty as a citizen to ensure opportunities for fellow citizens by contributing to unemployment benefits, medical care, child care, public libraries, education, etc., will also continue to favor the solidarity model and argue for the fairness of high taxes. 6)No one is better placed to speak about the process of individualism than Robert Bellah. Even before the rise of the debate between liberals and communitarians, Bellah and his colleagues had pointed to the problem by asking whether a society whose members believe that they are responsible only to themselves can see any nee... ...whole above our own concerns. A people who will not sacrifice for the common good cannot expect to have any common good. 16) There are fewer and fewer things that get people out of their houses to deal with other people outside of their work context. There are fewer communities that give them support. 17) Have we become merely a collection of individuals rather then a community? 18) The tendency of people to withdraw into their own small circle of life, leaving at large to itself. 19) Americans don't realize because they value their individuality so much, that the ind. they treasure, their dignity, their autonomy, their sense of the ability to make moral choices to train their children in what's right, depends profoundly on the health and the effective functioning of the institutions that shape them. 20) Individualism in this sense becomes something closer to isolationism, the desire to be entirely self-sufficient as a country and ignore events elsewhere in the world. 21) The answer is to work on making our institutions better. 22) Religion is integral comprehensive vision of ourselves in relation to what we recognize as the basic conditions of our existence.

A Positive Life Changing Experience

A positive life changing Experience I had my life set. At the age of 15 1 had no fears, no fears about life. My day-to-day routine comprised of going to school, coming home, resting for d while, waking up, and going out with friends, coming back home, sleeping, and then repeating the same thing the next day. I didn't care about my schoolwork or even glasswork for that matter. Why? My dad, he was the shelter to my ‘whatever-who-cares' way to elite.He provided me testimonial clothing, wristwatches and accessories more luxurious than many of my peer's whole attire. An extremely relaxed and stylish ride to go to school with- I had everything. To my 15 year old mind It was all that mattered, and my 15 year old brain knew that even if it never planned, the person whose it was, could enjoy a lavish fun life anyways. But then, life happened as I woke from the dream. My dad's Industry suffered a loss to such a massive extent that I dropped dreadfully trot being a leader to well- being a regular person.At that time I was angry, furious. I had little understanding of what was really going on, all knew was that I wasn't going to have the things that I was used to been able to live the life that once did. This whole condition took me for a major hit in my young adult fife, in my mind I was going to be Just like everybody else, which was not what I ‘ Off must say this could have been the best thing that happened to me, when I look back on my life, because I had become a materialistic Jerk.Now that I am much mature I grasped that, that's not a good way to go through life because surprising events happen, without anyone's control and I had been whipped into a habit of needing these things to make me feel whole as a person, which ways not needed ,but my day spoiled me to no extreme. I have learned to appreciate the things I have life and not over do it because a name doesn't make you who you are.

Better Off Alone Essay

In the bible God’s greatest servant is Job; â€Å"This man was innocent, upright, and God-fearing, and kept himself apart from evil† (66). Job did everything God requested, and yet Job was maliciously tested by his creator. Throughout the story of Job there were several accounts of Job expressing his misery that resulted from God’s cruel tests of faith. Reading the story of Job I came up with the question of, would Job be happier without the weight of God’s continuous misperception and unannounced tests? Yaweh strikes Job with a â€Å"test† and murders his sons, daughters, and animals to see if Job will still love him. Perhaps God didn’t have faith in Job instead of visa versa. Yaweh causes Job to be miserable and want to kill himself; in no way is this enjoyable, or worth proceeding to worship a deity. If God were to tell Job he is the one who permitted all of these deeds, Job would no longer follow this deity. God is lying to get what he wants from Job, I don’t believe Job would still appreciate a God that goes against what he orates. It’s as if a wife had gone behind her devoted partners back and had a secret accomplice to pursue her other in a â€Å"test† of fidelity; If she were to tell him â€Å"I tested you, and had another female pursue you to see if you would stay loyal to me†, He would be mad and most likely leave her for lack of trust. Just as Job should leave his â€Å"creator† in the dark as nothing and move on to be happy, instead of constantly trying to please a God that is never satisfied. Job is â€Å"innocent† and â€Å"kept himself apart from evil† (66) and he was also tested with God’s sinful acts of murder and pain. Job was more than true to God, he showed this by even filling his own son’s faithful void; â€Å"Job would send to purify them, rising early in the morning to offer whole burnt offerings, one for each† (66). First off Job was this great of a servant so therefor Job should have been treated better and shouldn’t have been tested. This didn’t happen; but if Job was questioned because he is known as God’s ultimate servant and he had to live up to high standards then feasibly, Job wouldn’t have to deal with an untrusting God if he never submitted. Yaweh speaks with the Accuser and even points out himself that Job is â€Å"like no one on earth†; â€Å"Have you taken note of my servant Job, for there is no one like him on earth: Innocent, upright, and God-fearing and kept himself apart from evil† (66). This is a repetitive sentence through the first section of the story; making a statement that Job has all of these reliable qualities for his God. Job is pious; even Yaweh speaks of this, right before he causes Job an enormous amount of pain. When Yaweh and the Accuser speak of challenging Job’s allegiance, Yaweh tells the Accuser â€Å"Everything he has is in your power, but do not harm his person† (67). Emotions are a part in one’s brain, and one’s brain is a part of the â€Å"person†. By killing his family and animals, this is creating the feeling of agony (harm) to his person. One can then notice God either doesn’t know what harm is or he is just so unpleasant he doesn’t care if he causes Job discomfort, he just wants to see the outcomes of such mischievous acts with Job’s irrevocable loyalty. This isn’t fair to Job, to be harmed for entertainment, what an unhappy life to live. In result of God’s first test of faith, Job unchanged, remains faithful. God figures, well that’s not enough, he then changes his statement to the Accuser and says â€Å"He is in your power, but see that you preserve his life† (67). Yaweh goes back on his words and then physically harms Job’s â€Å"person† and â€Å"smote(s) Job with sickening eruptions from the souls of his feet to the crown of his head† (67-68). Job wouldn’t need to prove devotion to God through anguish if he just had escaped from this unfortunate cruel God. The only reason Job is being chosen to be tested is because he is God’s ultimate servant. If he didn’t believe in God then he wouldn’t have been chosen because God would have already known he was not faithful. Nothing would happen to him if he said good bye to God because all of Job’s friends told him not to keep following God, and nothing cruel happened to them. Job would be happy not constantly being subjected by God’s insecurities. Just how miserable was Job? Job was enormously depressed which shows in this quote; â€Å"blot out the day when I was born† He wishes to not remember the day he was born, or wish it never happened. With his words of self-loathing it creates to the reader feelings of suicide and hate. It makes the reader feel almost apathetic towards Job, for not listening to his friends and also continuing to follow a horrendous god.

French and Indian War - Campaigns of 1756-1757

French and Indian War - Campaigns of 1756-1757 Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Changes in Command In the wake of Major General Edward Braddocks death at the Battle of Monongahela in July 1755, command of British forces in North America passed to Governor William Shirley of Massachusetts. Unable to come to an accord with his commanders, he was replaced in January 1756, when the Duke of Newcastle, heading the British government, appointed Lord Loudoun to the post with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Changes were also afoot to the north where Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, Marquis de Saint-Veran arrived in May with a small contingent of reinforcements and orders to assume overall command of French forces. This appointment angered the Marquis de Vaudreuil, governor of New France (Canada), as he had designs on the post. In the winter of 1756, prior to Montcalms arrival, Vaudreuil ordered a series of successful raids against the British supply lines leading to Fort Oswego. These destroyed large quantities of supplies and hampered British plans for campaigning on Lake Ontario later that year. Arriving in Albany, NY in July, Abercrombie proved a highly cautious commander and refused to take action without Loudouns approval. This was countered by Montcalm who proved highly aggressive. Moving to Fort Carillon on Lake Champlain he feinted an advance south before shifting west to conduct an attack on Fort Oswego. Moving against the fort in mid-August, he compelled its surrender and effectively eliminated the British presence on Lake Ontario. Shifting Alliances While fighting raged in the colonies, Newcastle sought to avoid a general conflict in Europe. Due to changing national interests on the Continent, the systems of alliances that had been in place for decades began to decay as each country sought to safeguard their interests. While Newcastle wished fight a decisive colonial war against the French, he was hampered by the need to protect the Electorate of Hanover which had ties to the British royal family. In seeking a new ally to guarantee the safety of Hanover, he found a willing partner in Prussia. A former British adversary, Prussia wished to retain the lands (namely Silesia) it had gained during the War of the Austrian Succession. Concerned about the possibility of a large alliance against his nation, King Frederick II (the Great) began making overtures to London in May 1755. Subsequent negotiations led to the Convention of Westminster which was signed on January 15, 1756. Defensive in nature, this agreement called for Prussia to pr otect Hanover from the French in exchange for the British withholding aid from Austria in any conflict over Silesia. A long-time ally of Britain, Austria was angered by the Convention and stepped up talks with France. Though reluctant to join with Austria, Louis XV agreed to a defensive alliance in the wake of increasing hostilities with Britain. Signed on May 1, 1756, the Treaty of Versailles saw the two nations agree to provide aid and troops should one be attacked by a third party. In addition, Austria agreed not to aid Britain in any colonial conflicts. Operating on the fringe of these talks was Russia which was eager to contain Prussian expansionism while also improving their position in Poland. While not a signatory of the treaty, Empress Elizabeths government was sympathetic to the French and Austrians. War is Declared While Newcastle worked to limit the conflict, the French moved to expand it. Forming a large force at Toulon, the French fleet began an attack on British-held Minorca in April 1756. In an effort to relieve the garrison, the Royal Navy dispatched a force to the area under the command of Admiral John Byng. Beset by delays and with ships in ill-repair, Byng reached Minorca and clashed with a French fleet of equal size on May 20. Though the action was inconclusive, Byngs ships took substantial damage and in a resulting council of war his officers agreed that the fleet should return to Gibraltar. Under increasing pressure, the British garrison on Minorca surrendered on May 28. In a tragic turn of events, Byng was charged with not doing his utmost to relieve the island and after a court-martial was executed. In response to the attack on Minorca, Britain officially declared war on May 17, nearly two years after the first shots in North America. Frederick Moves As war between Britain and France was formalized, Frederick became increasingly concerned about France, Austria, and Russian moving against Prussia. Alerted that Austria and Russia were mobilizing, he did likewise. In a preemptive move, Fredericks highly disciplined forces began an invasion of Saxony on August 29 which was aligned with his enemies. Catching the Saxons by surprise, he cornered their small army at Pirna. Moving to aid the Saxons, an Austrian army under Marshal Maximilian von Browne marched towards the border. Advancing to meet the enemy, Frederick attacked Browne at the Battle of Lobositz on October 1. In heavy fighting, the Prussians were able to compel the Austrians to retreat (Map). Though the Austrians continued attempts to relieve the Saxons they were in vain and the forces at Pirna surrendered two weeks later. Though Frederick had intended the invasion of Saxony to serve as a warning to his adversaries, it only worked to further unite them. The military events of 1756 effectively eliminated the hope that a large-scale war could be avoided. Accepting this inevitability, both sides began re-working their defensive alliances into ones that were more offensive in nature. Though already allied in spirit, Russia officially joined with France and Austria on January 11, 1757, when it became the third signatory of the Treaty of Versailles. Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns British Setbacks in North America Largely inactive in 1756, Lord Loudoun remained inert through the opening months of 1757. In April he received orders to mount an expedition against the French fortress city of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island. An important base for the French navy, the city also guarded the approaches to the Saint Lawrence River and the heartland of New France. Stripping troops from the New York frontier, he was able to assemble a strike force at Halifax by early July. While waiting for a Royal Navy squadron, Loudoun received intelligence that the French had massed 22 ships of the line and around 7,000 men at Louisbourg. Feeling that he lacked the numbers to defeat such a force, Loudoun abandoned the expedition and began returning his men to New York. While Loudoun was shifting men up and down the coast, the industrious Montcalm had moved to the offensive. Gathering around 8,000 regulars, militia, and Native American warriors, he pushed south across Lake George with the goal of taking Fort William Henry. Held by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Munro and 2,200 men, the fort possessed 17 guns. By August 3, Montcalm had surrounded the fort and laid siege. Though Munro requested aid from Fort Edward to the south it was not forthcoming as the commander there believed the French had around 12,000 men. Under heavy pressure, Munro was forced to surrender on August 9. Though Munros garrison was paroled and guaranteed safe conduct to Fort Edward, they were attacked by Montcalms Native Americans as they departed with over 100 men, women, and children killed. The defeat eliminated the British presence on Lake George. Defeat in Hanover With Fredericks incursion into Saxony the Treaty of Versailles was activated and the French began making preparations to strike Hanover and western Prussia. Informing the British of French intentions, Frederick estimated that the enemy would attack with around 50,000 men. Facing recruitment issues and war aims that called for a colonies-first approach, London did not wish to deploy large numbers of men to the Continent. As a result, Frederick suggested that the Hanoverian and Hessian forces that had been summoned to Britain earlier in the conflict be returned and augmented by Prussian and other German troops. This plan for an Army of Observation was agreed to and effectively saw the British pay for an army to defend Hanover that included no British soldiers. On March 30, 1757, the Duke of Cumberland, son of King George II, was assigned to lead the allied army. Opposing Cumberland were around 100,000 men under the direction of the Duc dEstrà ©es. In early April the French crossed the Rhine and pushed towards Wesel. As the dEstrà ©es moved, the French, Austrians, and Russians formalized the Second Treaty of Versailles which was an offensive agreement designed to crush Prussia. Outnumbered, Cumberland continued to fall back until early June when he attempted a stand at Brackwede. Flanked out of this position, the Army of Observation was compelled to retreat. Turning, Cumberland next assumed a strong defensive position at Hastenbeck. On July 26, the French attacked and after an intense, confused battle both sides withdrew. Having ceded most of Hanover in the course of the campaign, Cumberland felt compelled to enter into the Convention of Klosterzeven which de-mobilized his army and withdrew Hanover from the war (Map). This agreement proved highly unpopular with Frederick as it greatly weakened his western frontier. The defeat and convention effectively ended Cumberlands military career. In an effort to draw French troops away from the front, the Royal Navy planned attacks on the French coast. Assembling troops on the Isle of Wight, an attempt was made to raid Rochefort in September. While the Isle dAix was captured, word of French reinforcements in Rochefort led to the attack being abandoned. Frederick in Bohemia Having won a victory in Saxony the year before, Frederick looked to invade Bohemia in 1757 with the goal of crushing the Austrian army. Crossing the border with 116,000 men divided into four forces, Frederick drove on Prague where he met the Austrians who were commanded by Browne and Prince Charles of Lorraine. In a hard fought engagement, the Prussians drove the Austrians from the field and forced many to flee into the city. Having won in the field, Frederick laid siege to the city on May 29. In an effort to recover the situation, a new Austrian 30,000-man force led by Marshal Leopold von Daun was assembled to the east. Dispatching the Duke of Bevern to deal with Daun, Frederick soon followed with additional men. Meeting near Kolin on June 18, Daun defeated Frederick forcing the Prussians to abandon the siege of Prague and depart Bohemia (Map). Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Prussia Under Pressure Later that summer, Russian forces began to enter the fray. Receiving permission from the King of Poland, who was also the Elector of Saxony, the Russians were able to march across Poland to strike at the province of East Prussia. Advancing on a broad front, Field Marshal Stephen F. Apraksins 55,000-man army drove back Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt smaller 32,000-man force. As the Russian moved against the provincial capital of Kà ¶nigsberg, Lehwaldt launched an attack intended to strike the enemy on the march. In the resulting Battle of Gross-Jgersdorf on August 30, the Prussians were defeated and forced to retreat west into Pomerania. Despite occupying East Prussia, the Russians withdrew to Poland in October, a move which led to Apraksins removal. Having been ousted from Bohemia, Frederick was next required to meet a French threat from the west. Advancing with 42,000 men, Charles, Prince of Soubise, attacked into Brandenburg with a mixed French and German army. Leaving 30,000 men to protect Silesia, Frederick raced west with 22,000 men. On November 5, the two armies met at the Battle of Rossbach which saw Frederick win a decisive victory. In the fighting, the allied army lost around 10,000 men, while Prussian losses totaled 548 (Map). While Frederick was dealing with Soubise, Austrian forces began invading Silesia and defeated a Prussian army near Breslau. Utilizing interior lines, Frederick shifted 30,000 men east to confront the Austrians under Charles at Leuthen on December 5. Though outnumbered 2-to-1, Frederick was able to move around the Austrian right flank and, using a tactic known as oblique order, shattered the Austrian army. The Battle of Leuthen is generally considered Fredericks masterpiece and saw his army inflict losses totaling around 22,000 while only sustaining approximately 6,400. Having dealt with the major threats facing Prussia, Frederick returned north and defeated an incursion by the Swedes. In the process, Prussian troops occupied most of Swedish Pomerania. While the initiative rested with Frederick, the years battles had badly bled his armies and he needed to rest and refit. Faraway Fighting While fighting raged in Europe and North America it also spilled over to the more faraway outposts of the British and French Empires making the conflict the worlds first global war. In India, the two nations trading interests were represented by the French and English East India Companies. In asserting their power, both organizations built their own military forces and recruited additional sepoy units. In 1756, fighting began in Bengal after both sides began reinforcing their trading stations. This angered the local Nawab, Siraj-ud-Duala, who ordered military preparations to cease. The British refused and in a short time the Nawabs forces had seized the English East India Companys stations, including Calcutta. After taking Fort William in Calcutta, a large number of British prisoners were herded into a tiny prison. Dubbed the Black Hole of Calcutta, many died from heat exhaustion and being smothered. The English East India Company moved quickly to regain its position in Bengal and dispatched forces under Robert Clive from Madras. Carried by four ships of line commanded by Vice Admiral Charles Watson, Clives force re-took Calcutta and attacked Hooghly. After a brief battle with the Nawabs army on February 4, Clive was able to conclude a treaty which saw all British property returned. Concerned about growing British power in Bengal, the Nawab began corresponding with the French. At this same time, the badly outnumbered Clive began making deals with the Nawabs officers to overthrow him. On June 23, Clive moved to attack the Nawabs army which was now backed by French artillery. Meeting at the Battle of Plassey, Clive won a stunning victory when the conspirators forces remained out of the battle. The victory eliminated French influence in Bengal and the fighting shifted south. Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns

Come Participate in the DWT Poetry Competition

Come Participate in the DWT Poetry Competition Come Participate in the DWT Poetry Competition Come Participate in the DWT Poetry Competition By Daniel Scocco I am pretty sure we have many poets and wanna-be poets among our readers (not to mention the ones who just like to read poetry), so it was about time to run a DWT Poetry Competition. First of all here are some good reasons for you to participate: The winner will receive a $100 Amazon gift card. The three runners-up will receive a free license for the Fanurio billing software. Youll get people reading and giving feedback on your poems. Are you in? Good, now just read the rules: The deadline for the submission is the 1st of March 2010 (midnight GMT). Submissions must be made via email to daniel@dailywritingtips.com (Send your poem either in the body of the email, or as a .doc attachment) The poem must be in English, original, and must not have been published in the past. By taking part on the competition you allow us to publish your poem online (it will stay on the blog even after the competition). But you retain all the publishing rights over the material. From March 2nd onward well publish a batch of poems every Tuesday, and our readers will be able to vote on their favorite poems, until we elect the winner. It is time to reveal the Robert Frost or the Emily Dickinson you have inside! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Competitions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsLatin Words and Expressions: All You Need to Know5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

Changes in Roles of African Women Triggered by Colonial Rule Essay

Changes in Roles of African Women Triggered by Colonial Rule - Essay Example The period of colonization initiated discomfort and trust issues between the British and Agikuyu(Finke, par 2). Even though the regions of Kenya were unknown to the British, they immediately chose regions of Kenya that had contents of resources that were of great value to the economy. By this, the British ensured that there would be less cost in running administrative affairs of a colony. The Agikuyutribe was spread in central Kenya, and the area was densely fertile. The new colonists took benefit of the fertile land by farming on a large basis. They farmed extensively because there were scarce resources (Finke, par 7). Due to this act of the colonists, the Agikuyu had to leave some of their lands. The domestic and other roles of women such as cooking, bearing children, mat weaving, transportation of goods and going to the marketplace had changed due to the effect of the colonists. The locals had lost their lands due to compulsion from the colonists. These events changed the perspect ive of the women in several ways (Turner, par. 16).Introduction of Christianity:The first and foremost that the colonists brought about in women were change in beliefs. The locals had believed in traditional beliefs but as per changer, they converted to Christianity. This change of faith was spread through the colonies (Afrikan Eye, par. 8). Another change in the Kikuyu women was a change of roles. The women previously were labors but after the colonial rule they lost control of their products and were paid for their work.

Compare and contrast the attitudes of the Scientific School of Essay

Compare and contrast the attitudes of the Scientific School of Management thought (Taylor et al) with those of the Human Relations Movement (Mayo et al) with regard to people at work - Essay Example uding the determination of the most effective way to coordinate tasks, careful selection of employees for different positions, proper training and development of the workforce, and the introduction of economic incentives in order to motivate employees. Taylor’s scientific management theory is widely used today and underlies many management techniques from work study to standard costing. In scientific management theory, Taylor believed that management’s objective should be to secure maximum prosperity for both employers and employees in both the short and long term. He was able to arrive at this principle by studying the causes of hostility and inefficiency in the workplace. In his investigation, Taylor believed that left to their own devices, workers toiled inefficiently, basing their work practices on custom and habit rather than on scientific principles. In addition, he attributed hostility to the belief among workers that increases in output would naturally result in unemployment and that the traditional practice created inefficient methods of work and that workers restricted their outputs in order to protect their interests. (Cascarion and Esch, p. 106) Taylor called this as workers’ engagement in â€Å"soldiering.† He outlined two types of soldiering: Systematic soldiering, on the other hand, is the concerted restriction of output and the more problematic of the two. This attitude was rooted in management’s failure to develop appropriate authority and legitimation for standard work. (Collins 1998, p. 11) Taylor addressed this challenge by studying each job in order to discover the best way in doing it. He was able to identify the best means of control. He developed four approaches to management designed to be able to recruit and maintain workers – whose needs and attitudes towards work are met: Through the previous principles Taylor was able to design a set of standards in regard to control and workers’ wages in terms of scientifically