Interracial Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interracial Marriage - Essay Example After some time, interracial marriage has evoked various notions. There have been contrasts on how this issue has been seen customarily just as contemporarily. Expectedly, men of shading who wed ladies outside their race are viewed as people who need to break liberated from their own characters. For example, David Mura’s Reflections of My Daughter pass on the feeling of self-loathing in a man of shading who decided to wed a white lady (O’Hearn). Then again, mainstream society conviction affirms that interracial marriage speaks to veritable acknowledgment and love. The accompanying conversations investigate the differentiation of conventional and mainstream society conviction with respect to men of shading who decide to marry outside their race (Option A). From a conventional perspective, men who pick to wed ladies from another race deny their deepest personalities. This plan of action is by one way or another seen as fearful since it could be a method of getting away fr om the biases and different inconveniences brought about by one’s shading. Most elderlies scowl at this event since it refutes energy. One method of indicating admiration and love to your way of life and country is by wedding somebody from where you are. They may likewise affirm that single direction of reinforcing a race is by making it unadulterated. For example, Mura elucidated how he has encountered bigotry as a man of shading. By wedding a white lady, he can some way or another raise his societal position according to many. Since wedding somebody from another race includes surrendering a few beliefs and certain social practices, this activity is seen as rebuking ones legacy. One may need to bargain one’s culture and personality particularly when meeting parents in law. Mura had a few doubts just as blame about his daughter’s future. Being a blended dashed kid, there can be sure social difficulties with respect to â€Å"fitting-in†. Mura had considera tions on just teaching his little girl with respect to one racial foundation to reduce character disarray. In any case, this may not appear to be correct. Besides, it may not additionally be denied that many conjecture that people wed outside their race so as to get away from their devastated circumstances. For example, a nearby may see that wedding a â€Å"white† man or lady is a ticket out of a ghetto neighborhood or it can give a chance to some to appreciate greener fields in certain first world nations. Routinely, marriage between two sorts of societies frequently presents different intricacies. The dissimilarities rise above to moral, socio-mental, and different aspects of living. A portion of the contentions are on correspondence styles, family unit oversight, and strict practices. Language is a very important part of any race. Beside the vocabularies, motions and articulations establish self-articulation. When there is a battle in these angles, errors are very liable t o occur. Besides, family management is more often than not affected by the couples’ particular family esteems. The distinctions in each other’s standards may prompt differences. Likewise, bringing up youngsters with two or even at least three sorts of societies ends up being entangled and befuddling. The test isn't just for the guardians yet for the youngsters too. What's more, one’s convictions and strict perspectives are normally influenced by the effectively set practices in one’s adolescence. Thus, an interracial marriage may confront issues with regards to the distinctions in feelings. Unexpectedly, current perspectives declare that one takes part in interracial marriage due to unselfishness and other respectable reasons. These days, the quantity of individuals participating in interracial marriage have been expanding. The current acknowledgment of this training is very interestingly with customary social rules. Despite the fact that some are as yet irresolute or unsupportive

Race and racism (evolution Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Race and bigotry (advancement - Coursework Example A model is Pedro Alonzo Nino who was a pilot of a boat in the armada drove by Christopher Columbus and was accepted to be African (Smedley 89). Local Americans on the other were less misused as slaves because of the way that huge numbers of them got sick frequently and surrendered to European sicknesses. They were likewise seen to be severe and many would escape since they realized the land better than any other person. This left the grower no decision yet to exploit the helpless Africans and transform them into slaves. It is in 1661 that Virginia was conceded a proper slave status by Queen Elizabeth which permitted captives to be purchased and sold simply like some other item. From this time Africans’ status dropped definitely and they were therefore accepted to be substandard compared to every single other race. This lawfulness to exchange slaves encouraged and kept up this exchange for quite a long time. There was the observation that the whites were increasingly better tha n every other race while the rest were named as minorities individuals. The whites in America even dismissed workers from Europe. They professed to be organically not quite the same as all migrants paying little heed to source. This observation made cracks in the general public which made the Americans command others. The New World propagated slave exchange since they had huge terrains which were gainful and the atmosphere was ideal (106). This followed an enormous development of ranches in Georgia and South Carolina which meant expanded creation levels of rice and tobacco. These slaves did a lot of work which the white hirelings had would not accomplish for instance depleting of bogs. West Africans proved to be useful particularly in rice developing estates since they knew about the sort of work required as their mom lands developed rice. Slaves labored for 15 hours every day particularly during the reap season. One regulator was required to manage at least 20 slaves accomplishing overwhelming work and when a slave lazed around, the supervisor should whip them. The way that slaves were modest to purchase and keep up observed grower get them in masses in order to plant and develop increasingly (281). As prior showed slaves used to work for a long time for every day which meant guard harvests and hence blasting manor business. Numerous manor proprietors like the Byrd family from Virginia went to be very affluent. Such families met up to frame exclusive classes of grower in the southern states who guaranteed that slave exchange remained in light of the fact that it was a life saver to their riches. A few slaves likewise upheld the exchange inferable from the way that a few, particularly the managers, lived preferred lives over the one they left in Africa. Q2 America is contained individuals from an assortment of ethnic foundations. At the point when America was sorting out itself as a nation numerous individuals spilled in as foreigners from everywhere throughou t the world however larger part from Europe. Every one of these individuals on their appearance to the United States found a general public carefully separated progressively based on ethnicity (Sacks 55). These chains of command characterized ones social and monetary status in this manner limits had been set concerning what one may or may not be able to. The white pioneers are the ones who set these progressions in order to secure their inclinations and to restrict others from abusing existing assets. The African-American populace particularly before the common war was sentenced to subjection. European outsiders like the Irish individuals filled in as workers or bosses in ranches or little

Reaffirming our support for transgender students

Reaffirming our support for transgender students In late August, the Trump Administration issued an executive order banning the recruitment of transgender people to the military. While the implementation of this order is still under review, its prospect has caused a lot of uncertainty and consternation. I write today, as I have in the past on behalf of undocumented and international students, to reaffirm our support for transgender students, particularly those who may wish to eventually serve in the military or in the MIT ROTC program. MIT has a long history of military training; indeed, the MIT charter specifies that the Insitute, in addition to other objects set forth, shall provide for instruction in military tactics. According to government records, the MIT Army ROTC program was the first in the nation. The MIT-ROTC relationship has not always been smooth sailing: In an instructive antecedent, in 1989 an MIT Navy ROTC student was ejected from the program for being gay, which spurred a faculty task force that produced a set of recommendations to square MITs nondiscrimination policies with the discriminatory DoD policies of the era. However, the close working relationship between the educational programs, and mutual interest in military science and training, has always been a soli d foundation for cooperation and source of support for our students. Last week, Professor Ian Waitz, the Vice-Chancellor for Education at MIT, sent a letter to the ROTC community regarding the recent order. I excerpt from it below: MIT’s tradition of national service is broad, deep, and very much in the present tense. Examples range from MIT’s pivotal role in developing radar during World War II, to today’s pioneering defense and security research. On campus and at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory, MIT’s research enterprise, including at our Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology, is essential in our work to serve the nation and the world. MIT’s national service also takes the form of innovative educational programs, like our premier naval programs in Mechanical Engineering and our Lincoln Beaver Works Center. And it includes the service of dozens of senior military leaders and thousands of officers, across all branches of the service, who have been commissioned out of MIT. In 1996, with the passage of ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell,’ we faced a similar clash  between our commitment to national service, and our commitment to strive for fairness and equal treatment for all our students. In the face of the new ban on transgender people serving in the military, we will do now what we did then: We will seek ways to ensure that every MIT student interested in ROTC has a chance to complete every educational aspect of the program. Upon graduation, transgender cadets and midshipmen might be denied military commissions due to the recent ban; we cannot control that. But we will always aim to ensure that this educational opportunity is available to every student who wishes to be part of it The MIT community is proud of those members of our community who have committed to serving our nation through the Institute’s ROTC programs, and we look forward to working with DOD to find a path that provides all individuals the opportunity to serve our nation with dignity. Im proud of MITs history of military service and MITs queer community. As with orders that affected undocumented and international students, its hard to know what will happen with this ban, or to the people affected by it. What I do know is that MIT, and our ROTC program, are doing everything we can to support, educate, and appreciate our students, regardless of who they are. Post Tagged #LGBTQ+ #ROTC

Forensic Science The Future of Criminal Justice Essay

Forensic Science The idea of using the science has been started before the debuting of Sherlock Holmes in 1887, who had introduced about the forensic science to help criminal investigation. In history, the work of forensic scientists was performed by medical personnel. Until the end of eighteenth century, the attempts of French medical jurist Antoine Louis, crime solving Chinese book â€Å" Hsi Duan Yu†(the washing way of wrongs), etc gave ideas about determining time of death, analyzing blood stain, identifying chemical used in crime, etc. After eighteenth century, the modern chemistry paved new way of identifying crime like the idea of measuring height, length of right ear and outstretched†¦show more content†¦FBI is one of the important scientific generalist that includes extensive reference collection of files like National Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), National Motor Vehicles Certificate of Title file, etc to solve crime. Certification and accreditation a re two important regulation processes that have been implementing in forensic science. During the process of investigation, FBI highly recommend not to send specimen if it takes more than 24 hrs. The Supreme Court of California in 1946 rules stated, â€Å"Finger prints are the strongest evidence to prove the identity of a person.† The revolutionary trend of forensic science from history to this modern period opens lot of ways to find criminals hidden in our society and brings great changes in criminal justice system. It was very difficult to identify criminals in the past because of lack specific field to study criminal activity and equipments so that there were high chances of escaping criminals from criminal justice. Similarly, the innocent offenders had to be punished due to unreliable and inaccurate criminal justice. But the development and research on Forensic science has backbone of criminal justiceShow MoreRelatedIs The Technology Behind Forensics Reliable?1654 Words   |  7 Pages Is the Technology behind Forensics Reliable? The scientific examination of evidence in criminal cases found in a crime scene is called forensic science. Forensic scientists use the same technology, tools and methods used by other scientists doing other types of research, including microscopes, computers, and lasers. As forensic science has advanced over the years, so has the ability to gather evidence and solve crimes. At crime scenes, lasers provide lighting to trackRead MoreForensic Science And The Scientific Examination Of Evidence1644 Words   |  7 Pagesscientific examination of evidence in criminal cases found in a crime scene is called forensic science. Forensic scientists use the same technology, tools and methods used by other scientists doing other types of research, including microscopes, computers, and lasers. As forensic science has advanced over the years, so has the ability to gather evidence and solve crimes. At crime scenes, lasers provide lighting to track blood sample that not visible to the naked eye. For ensic imaging technology is technologyRead MoreExplain the Differences Between Criminologists, Criminalists, and Forensic Psychologists and What Is the Difference in Their Disciplines of Expertise.1550 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity Unit 1 Individual Project CRJS105 –1103b-04 Theories of Crime Causation August 28,2011 Abstract In this paper I will explain the differences between Criminologists, Criminalists, and Forensic psychologists and what is the difference in their disciplines of expertise. As well as looking at blue collar crime vs. white collar crime, how they are reported and measured by the FBI in their uniformed crime reporting. Also how blue collar crimeRead MoreComputer Forensics : My Future Career1423 Words   |  6 PagesComputer Forensics – My Future Career Jared D Harber PLSC 1103, Introduction to Forensic Science Oklahoma State University – Oklahoma City Computer Forensics – My Future Career Today, I will be talking about my path towards a career in Computer Forensics, as well as what I can expect when I get there. Computer Forensics is a division of forensic science within a broader umbrella known as Digital Forensics. It identifies, investigates, recovers, preserves, and examines digital media within desktopRead MoreForensic Science : The Fastest Growing Criminal Justice Field1089 Words   |  5 Pagessurprise has become almost futuristic as it helps define our crime solving abilities. Forensics actually is the fastest growing criminal justice field in America. Seemingly always in the background, forensics is a major part of our criminal justice systems as a whole. Forensic Science has contributed to our world a great deal in multiple ways, and very significant ways. By the close of the 20th century, forensic scientists had a wealth of high-tech tools at their disposal for analyzing evidence fromRead MoreThe Uses Of Dn Dna Fingerprinting1486 Words   |  6 PagesJenn ifer Tran Mr. Tucker AP Biology 26 August 2015 The Uses of DNA: DNA Fingerprinting Sir Alec Jeffreys’ 1984 discovery of DNA fingerprinting in England has revolutionized the criminal justice system by enabling legal entities to determine innocence or guilt of a suspect to a much higher level of accuracy(Butler). This discovery has also provided the ability to identify victims of natural disasters or catastrophes like 911(Lippincott). Additionally, DNA testing or profiling, has helped doctors andRead MoreInjustices of the Justice System1131 Words   |  5 PagesInjustices of the Justice System Today’s justice system is broken and flawed, with a history of falsely convicting innocent people due to a variety of things, including eyewitness misidentification, invalid or improper forensic testing, and even racial bias on the jury. Many wrongful convictions happen as a result of a combination of these things, and other causes can contribute in each individual case (â€Å"causes†). Countless people throughout history have been punished for crimes they did not commitRead MoreJustice And The Criminal Justice Part Of The Legal System1079 Words   |  5 PagesLAW3CJU CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT Word count: XXXX Felix Ferris Student number: 17290893 Seminar details: Tuesday, 4pm – 5pm (Room: MAR 171), Pascale Chifflet I. Introduction Miscarriages of justice illuminate the serious systematic problems that can plague the criminal justice part of the legal system. Such miscarriages show not only the fundamental weakness of an adversarial system, with its focus on ends rather than means, but also the reluctance of theRead MoreFinancial Crimes1610 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancial activity according to separate surveys by the U. S. Department of Justice, Pricewaterhouse-Coopers, and the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) (Houck, Kranacher, Morris, Riley, Robertson, Wells, 2006). An understanding of effective fraud and forensic accounting techniques can assist forensic accountants in identifying illegal activity and discovering and preserving evidence. Forensic accounting is a science that deals with the application of accounting facts gathered throughRead MoreProblems with the OJ Simpson Trial Essay example1716 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the double murder. The conclusion of Simpson criminal trial resulted in his acquittal. There were various reasons for this acquittal. The most prominent reasons include accusations of racism, evidence contamination, and the lack of faith in DNA profiling. This paper will discuss the issues that arose with the trial in depth and offer an explanation and solution to resolving issues so that the issues do not repeat themselves in the future from the lack of knowledge and from learning from the

The Onions MagnaSoles Advertisement Analysis - 774 Words

With products such as Shamwow, Oxyclean, and the Bowflex, flooding our modern-day market, it seems as though today’s advertisement challenges the intelligence of the American populace with a single daunting task, to force people to stop thinking rationally. Intelligence is measured upon a variety of elements all stemming from rational thought; The Onion satirizes the seemingly infinite quantity of irrational thought in the world today, in an ad for a new and improved, $19.95 (plus shipping and handling), solution to any person’s foot problems. â€Å"MagnaSoles† depicts the gullibility of people by showing their reliance on various modes of the media to obtain information. In this case, lustrous qualities lure the customer, while other†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦harmonic energy field rearranges the foot’s naturally occurring atoms, converting the pain-nuclei into pleasing comfortrons.† These words were created by pseudoscientists t o convince us you will feel better by using recognizable sounding words. These words sound believable to everybody that isn’t a pseudoscientist as a result of hearing the familiar â€Å"-tron†, thus assuming that it is a widely used word. As a result of the general public being brainwashed for many years via advertisement, they turn off their common sense and pretend to be well versed in the language of the, oh-so-complex, pseudoscience. Hence, the advertisers for the miracle product, â€Å"MagnaSoles†, have successfully proven that jargon saves lives and adds credibility to any statement. Advertisement has been successful in their crusade to stop the spread of the heretical knowledge, but has done it in such a transparent way that it is now being cured by common sense. The Onion, in a witty and satirical fashion, successfully captures the lack of intelligence in the world of advertising. Unless, of course, the pseudoscientists say otherwise. Hamleton, George. Magna Soles. The Onion (2007): 32-32.

Genetic Engineering Is Responsible And Manipulating The...

A couple, a man and a woman, sit in front of a screen. The woman said, â€Å"Let’s choose brown hair and grey eyes for him.† â€Å"Oh! He needs to be tall and smart,† replied the man. What the couple is doing is designing their future baby. It might sound crazy to be able to engineer one’s children genetically, but technological advancements in the medical and scientific fields have allowed this as a possible option for potential parents. Genetic engineering is controlling and manipulating the genes of an organism. Genetic engineering is usually used to improve the organism’s functions; these organisms are known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Genetic engineering is commonly used for the food industry. One benefit that results from genetically modified foods is the lowered prices for the products. However, there can be hazardous side effects such as the creation of new toxins (Goldbas, 2014, p. 22). Likewise, mutations in the DNA can occur from genetically engineering a baby. In spite of the threatening effects to the baby’s health from genetic engineer, I believe giving people to the option to design their â€Å"perfect† babies allows for the genetic tree of infertile parents to continue; however, I believe the range of genes that future parents can select for their fetus has to be restricted to the genes the parents already carried in their DNA. Before the concept of designing one’s â€Å"perfect† baby can be grasp, one must understand the events in science building up to theShow MoreRelatedHow Genetic Engineering Should Not Be Researched For Ethical Reasons1452 Words   |  6 PagesJoshua Romo Mrs. Ford English 6 29 January 2015 Changing Genes Jim s mother stared into her son s eyes, grasping her husband s hand tightly as the doctor delivered the life-changing news. All the mother wanted was for Jim to be normal, but as the doctor explained the boy’s condition, she began to fear he may not be normal after all. The son was diagnosed with Sickle Cell Anemia, a genetic disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells. Without treatment, Jim would have a high chance of dyingRead MoreEssay on Genetic Enhancement is Unethical 1600 Words   |  7 Pagesnot be too far off in the future. Designing babies using genetic enhancement is an issue that is gaining more and more attention in the news. This controversial issue, once thought to be only possible in the realm of science-fiction, is causing people to discuss the moral issues surrounding genetic enhancement and germ line engineering. Though genetic research can prove beneficial to learning how to prevent hereditary diseases, the genetic enhancement of human embryos is unethical when used to createRead MoreEthical Implications Of Genetic Engineering1811 Words   |  8 PagesGenetic engineering holds the potential to allow humanity to solve countless problems in both our environment and within ourselves. Humans have been practicing one for of genetic engineering or another since prehistoric times and as technology as developed, we have increased our ability to make more targeted modifications. All of this potential isn’t without hidden dangers as the effects of our genetic manipulation of nature have yet to be fully realized and may never be. Should we continue on ourRead MoreGenetic Enhancement - Designer Babies1618 Words   |  7 Pagesnot be too far off in the future. Designing babies using genetic enhancement is an issue that is gaining more and more attention in the news. This controversial issue, once thought to be only possible in the realm of science-fiction, is causing people to discuss the moral issues surrounding genetic enhance ment and germ line engineering. Though genetic research can prove beneficial to learning how to prevent hereditary diseases, the genetic enhancement of human embryos is unethical when used to createRead More The Bright Future of Genetic Engineering Essay2185 Words   |  9 PagesThe Bright Future of Genetic Engineering Imagine the major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, soybeans - which can resist diseases - and resist pests - and create their own fertilizers - and resist extremes of weather. Imagine potatoes containing more protein, and other vegetables and fruits which contain more nutrients, taste better and resist rot. Can you imagine tomatoes that actually taste like tomatoes. Imagine what such food crops could mean for a world population which will double in lessRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1291 Words   |  6 PagesGenetically Engineered Organisms Genetically Modified Organisms or (GMOs) have become a very large part of today’s economy and food distribution. Globalization 101 presents a good definition, â€Å"A GMO is an organism (either a virus, a bacterium, or a more complex life-form) whose genetic makeup has been altered by humans for a specific purpose. (â€Å"Genetically Modified Organisms,† n.d.).† Billion dollar crop corporations, farmers, and food distributors all use GMOs to maximize their production effortsRead MoreA Research Study On Genetic Engineering1042 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering is using molecular biology methods to modify the genetic information of an organism. Its aims include learning about the biology of an organism and generating new or improved commercial products. Plant biotechnology is manipulating plants specifically to improve agricultural needs. GMOs or genetically modified organisms are organisms modified by genetic engineering to express desirable traits. DNA f ragments containing said desirable traits and a means of introducing the DNA toRead MoreThe Golden Age Of Computing1440 Words   |  6 Pagesthe computer revolution, the genetic revolution hopes to do for life what computing did for information. We are near being able to manipulate organisms for any number of reasons. Whether it be for medicine or agriculture, the technology we have will change the way we interact with the natural world. Over the years, genetic engineering continued to prove itself beneficial in the fields of medicine, manufacturing, and agriculture. These benefits range from curing genetic diseases to increased farmingRead MoreGenetic Engineering : The Science Of Replacing Natural Essay1869 Words   |  8 PagesGenetic Engineering: The Science of Replacing Natural Selection and Evolution Consider the implications of the following: tomatoes are sensitive to frost, which shortens their growing seasons. Fish, in contrast, survive in very cold water. Scientists have found the specific gene that enables fish to resist cold in a flounder, and used genetic engineering to incorporate it into the genetic material of a tomato. By what moral authority does science have the right to make this transformation?Read MoreThe Harmful Effects of GMOs1643 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Harmful Effects of Genetically Modified Organisms Genetic Engineering has been around since the 1970’s, but the process has become more complicated and ambiguous over time. A genetically modified organism, or GMO, is a plant, animal, or microorganism that has been produced to overcome any natural restrictions (Happiness). It encompasses eradicating the DNA, manipulating it, and then reinserting it into the original or alternative organism (Executive). Although GMO’s have some benefits, their

Gender Identity Conflict Essay Example For Students

Gender Identity Conflict Essay Word Count: 707 In the story X: A Fabulous Childs Story, a child is raised as an X. An X is a child who is assigned to a neutral gender by its parents and scientists. The parents of X raise the child to both girl and boy standards. This, however, is just a story. Raising a child with an assigned gender is impossible. Many factors go into the development of gender and gender identity. Theorists state that the issue of gender identity is based on the society where the child grows. Others believe that gender identity is based on the physical traits of the individual. Another aspect of attempting to raise a child without a specific gender is the fact of isolation. An individual would be isolated by the society because they do not fit the social norms in the society. First, we have to define gender identity. ;Richard Ashmore defines gender identity as the structured set of gendered personal identities that results when the individual takes the social construction of gender and the biological facts of sex and incorporates them into an overall self-concept (512);(Frable par 7). Lawrenece Kohlberg defines gender identity as the ;cognitive self-categorization as boy or girl;(Frable par 5). This means that the individual will form a gender from their understanding of those ideas, sex and social construction of gender. A child will then form a gender after recognizing other peoples gender in their surroundings, and gender continues over time and does not change by wishes and is permanent (Frable par 5). Once a child chooses a gender then they imitate a model of the same gender to get a grasp of attributions of stereotypes to male and female figures, to measure of gender schematic processing, attitudes toward boys and girls, and gender discrimination in reward allocation (Frable par 6). Researchers say that the gender differences between males and females is because of some physical aspect. These aspects range from different physical composition of the brain, to different levels of different hormones. For instance, during maturation in the womb, the male embryo is exposed to two hormones critical to further male differentiation (Reiner par 2). These hormones also have ;hormonal effects that extend into other organ systems as well, including the central nervous system; (Reiner para 2). The biological differences in the individual would make a significant impact on the gender identity of the person. Even the type of body influences the gender of an individual. By the social norms of body type the individual obtains a grasp of which gender pertains to them (McDermid et al. Para 4). Even though the person my not fit the stereotypes of male/female genders, a side will eventually be favored. Case studies have been don on individuals who have been assigned one gender; then later in their life their body rejects that assigned gender and displays their true gender. One example of an assigned gender failing is in the case study of V.P. There were no problems in the pregnancy or delivery. The baby was healthy, and no questions were raised as to gender or to phenotype, nor did the parents ever have reason to question the babys health or physical status (Reiner par 6). However, at the age of 8 V.P. discovered that she was not female. By the age of 9 she was discontinuing acting like a female. In high school after a referral by the nurse V. P. had an evaluation. During the exam they found that V.P. had unusually high levels of testosterone. A random T level was 135 ng/dL (laboratory normal range = 360 to 990 for adult male, 17 to 50 for adult female)(Reiner par 11). Seminar in helping Essay After receiving treatments for the high level of testosterone, the levels barely changed. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed no abnormalities; computed tomographic scan of the abdomen and pelvis revealed no abnormalities but a questionable small gonad at the left Internal inguinal ring(Reiner par 12). After surgical exploration, a testis was found. V.P. then had constructive surgery and then went on drug therapy. V.P. after psychosexual counseling, was a normal male teen (Reiner par 5-17). This is just one example of when raised as one gender for 8 years; the body rejected the assigned gender and turned to its true gender. In the story, the author, Lois Gould, states that by the time they find out Xs gender, gender wont make a difference (118). However, this case study shows that the gender will show before gender does not matter. At the age of 8, V.P. started to change his gender, and at the age of 8 gender still matters. Although X was raised with an assigned gender, in the real world, raising a child with an assigned gender is impossible. One day, the body communicates with the mind and decides to follow its natural course and that is why someone can never assign you a gender. Also, some biological aspects that make females and males different in more than just body type effect how the child chooses their gender identity. With all these things in todays American society it is impossible .

Vulnerable Populations Victims of Violence Essay Example

Vulnerable Populations: Victims of Violence Paper Running Head: ‘Vulnerable Populations: Victims of Violence’ ‘Vulnerable Populations: Victims of Violence’ Norita Prather BSHS/302-BSAE0ZSH3 University of Phoenix Instructor: Tami Frye September 26, 2011 Each domestic abuse relationship is unique, and has a pattern that holds certain signs, clues, and characteristics that could have helped decide if one were in an unhealthy or abusive relationship. There are significant indicators that are common to all virtual cases of domestic abuse, mainly because people have heard much about domestic abuse, but did not think it applied to their situation. What is domestic abuse, how is it defined for someone to recognize and seek help; coming from someone that has a damaged cornea as a result of domestic abuse, I will give my definition. I think a single incident usually does not constitute abuse. Domestic abuse usually involves a pattern of abusive events, where victims typically experience a repetitive, cyclic pattern of destructive or violent behaviors that generally escalate over time. I think the main contributor of domestic abuse if based on power and control. There are many misconceptions of what taking control means, in a domestic abuse situation, taking control to one may think that is a sign of caring and wanting only the best for the other. Furthermore, there is no reason for anyone to go through domestic abuse whether it is physical or verbal. I would advise victims to be smart, and safe, and get awaysomeone’s life might depend on the choice you make. The history of domestic violence has been prevalent throughout the United States and other parts of the Worldand intimate partner abuse has been a art of many cultures for many generations. From my understanding, British common law had allowed a man to â€Å"chastise† his wife with â€Å"any reasonable instrument†. In the United States, throughout the 1800’s, state laws and cultural practices continued to support a man’s right to discipline his wife. It was not until 1895 that a woman could even divorce her husband on ground of abuse. Domestic abuse af fects men and women, but one out of four women will be a victim at some point of their lifetime (Roberts, 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on Vulnerable Populations: Victims of Violence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vulnerable Populations: Victims of Violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vulnerable Populations: Victims of Violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first shelter for battered women and their children was opened in London, England within a few years of 1975, emergency shelters for battered women opened in different parts of the United States such as the one in New York City; St. Paul, Minnesota; and Fresno, California. In 1994, the Violence Against Women Act was adopted. The act encouraged research into domestic abuse and generated the legal and financial support for law enforcement and social services to protect battered women. Because of the traumatic nature of domestic violence, it is recognized worldwide with major initiative to improve the continual efforts regarding policies and courts responses to battered individuals. Today, there are many policies, programs, intervention strategies, and legal enforcers for dealing with victims and abusers of domestic violence. Being a victim/survivor of domestic abuse creates numerous issues and experiences including, readjustment, insecurities, anger, confusion, and self-doubt. Oftentimes, abused individuals lose family and friends as a result of the battering. Generally, the abuser isolates them from family and friends. The level of inflicted abused becomes an embarrassment and the abused individual usually withdraws from their support system to avoid embarrassment. Feelings of anxiety sometimes emerge if you decide to exit the situation and are reentering into a new world free of violence. Social problems also surfaces from domestic abuse; it creates feelings of isolation and exclusion. According to authors, John Hamel and Tonia Nicholla (Hamel Nicholla, 2007), domestic abuse is not abusive at all times. It follows a three-phase cycle known as ‘The Cycle of Violence’. The cycle starts in the honeymoon phase, and over time, tension builds and then the abuse starts. The domestic abuse cycle is continual and people often stay because the honeymoon phase comes back around and displays remorse. Victims usually choose to stay because promises have been made that the violent acts will never happen again; do not ever believe it will never happen again because it will, and now, the abuse will become more frequent and oftentimes, more severe. Unfortunately, domestic violence is a worldwide epidemic, and is one of the most chronically underreported crimes. Your socioeconomic class, religion, race, or ethnic group, etc. does not have an influence on whether or not you become involved in the cycle of domestic abuse. Although there is no distinctive category at identifying who is at risk for domestic violence, there are some common situations among people who experience domestic violence, such as being abused as a child, witnessed domestic violence as a child, isolated socially from family and friends, physical or mental disability, unemployment, poverty or poor living situations, previously in an abusive relationship, simply planning to leave or has recently left an abusive situation, etc. The Bureau of Justice Statistics crime data brief reported that 85% of domestic abuse is women, and women of all races are about equally vulnerable to violence by an intimate partner. Allstate Foundation conducted a national poll on domestic abuse and reported that nearly three out of four (74%) of Americans personally knew someone who is or has been a victim of domestic violence. Thirty-percent of Americans say they know a woman who has been physically abused by her husband or boyfriend in the past year. Getting out of a domestic violence situation is not easy, but there are many domestic violence abuse programs for victims and their children within the criminal justice and child welfare systems. The wide array of services are unlimited and range from advocacy and support services, anonymous telephone hotlines where you can call, and seek advice, abused and battered shelters where you can stay, counseling, community-based services, non-profit resources and organizations, local, and state government services and assistances. Additionally, there are plenty of national resources for domestic violence that fosters discussion forum where victims can talk with others involved in domestic violence and prevention to nurture empowerment and belonging among one another. The effectiveness of future intervention strategies depend upon human service workers, law enforcement officers, educators, domestic abuse, and child welfare organization personnel to all play collaborating roles in the prevention and intervention of cases of harmful domestic violence. Once domestic violence has been identified, future intervention should include follow-up and referral services, evaluations of the victim(s) for immediate needs, a safety plan that is personalized, and gone over with someone with a knowledgeable background with domestic violence; and efficient review of the pattern and history of the domestic violent cases to prevent future risk of death or significant injury/harm. In closing, domestic abuse is an unfortunate situation that profoundly affects everyone that is involved in the situation and intervention process. Domestic violence should not happen to anyone, but it does, and when it occurs there is help. Domestic abuse can cause major long-term troubles for battered individuals such as physical and mental difficulties. Overall, any type of abuse whether it is physical or verbal is unacceptable and should not be tolerated. Everyone deserves to live free of fear, and be safe and happy. References Allstate Foundation National Poll on Domestic Violence, 2006. Lieberman Research Inc. Tracking Survey conducted for The Advertising Council and the Family Violence Prevention Fund, July – October 1996. Bureau of Justice Statistics Crime Data Brief, Domestic Violence, 1993-2001, February 2003. Hamel, J. , Nicholla, T. , (2007). Family Intervention in Domestic Violence. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. Roberts, A. , (2002). Handbook of Domestic Violence Intervention Strategies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.

Biography of Bernardo OHiggins, Liberator of Chile

Biography of Bernardo O'Higgins, Liberator of Chile Bernardo OHiggins (August 20, 1778–October 24, 1842) was a Chilean landowner, general, president, and one of the leaders of its struggle for independence. Although he had no formal military training, OHiggins took charge of the ragged rebel army and fought the Spanish from 1810 to 1818, when Chile achieved its independence. Today, he is revered as the liberator of Chile and the father of the nation. Fast Facts: Bernardo O'Higgins Known For:  Leader during Chiles struggle for independence, general, presidentBorn:  August 20, 1778 in Chilln, ChileParents: Ambrosio OHiggins and Isabel RiquelmeDied:  October 24, 1842 in Lima, PeruEducation: San Carlos College, Peru, Catholic school in EnglandNotable Quote: Lads! Live with honor, or die with glory! He who is brave, follow me! Early Life Bernardo was the illegitimate child of Ambrosio OHiggins, a Spanish officer born in Ireland who immigrated to South America and rose through the ranks of the Spanish bureaucracy, eventually reaching the high post of Viceroy of Peru. His mother Isabel Riquelme was the daughter of a prominent local, and he was raised with her family. Bernardo only met his father once (and at that time he did not know who he was) and spent most of his early life with his mother and traveling. As a young man, he went to England, where he lived on a small allowance that his father sent him. While there, Bernardo was tutored by legendary Venezuelan Revolutionary Francisco de Miranda. Return to Chile Ambrosio formally recognized his son in 1801 on his deathbed, and Bernardo suddenly found himself the owner of a prosperous estate in Chile. He returned to Chile and took possession of his inheritance, and for a few years he lived quietly in obscurity. He was appointed to the governing body as the representative of his region. Bernardo might well have lived his life as a farmer and local politician if it were not for the great tide of independence that was building in South America. OHiggins and Independence OHiggins was an important supporter of the September 18 movement in Chile, which began the nations struggle for independence. When it became apparent that the actions of Chile would lead to war, he raised two cavalry regiments and an infantry militia, mostly recruited from families who worked his lands. As he had no training, he learned how to use weapons from veteran soldiers. Juan Martà ­nez de Rozas was president and OHiggins supported him, but Rozas was accused of corruption and criticized for sending valuable troops and resources to Argentina to help the independence movement there. In July 1811, Rozas stepped down and was replaced by a moderate junta. OHiggins and Carrera The junta was soon overthrown by Josà © Miguel Carrera, a charismatic young Chilean aristocrat who had distinguished himself in the Spanish army in Europe before deciding to join the rebel cause. OHiggins and Carrera would have a tempestuous, complicated relationship for the duration of the struggle. Carrera was more dashing, outspoken, and charismatic, while OHiggins was more circumspect, brave, and pragmatic. During the early years of the struggle, OHiggins was generally subordinate to Carrera  and dutifully followed his orders as best he could. This power dynamic would not last, however. The Siege of Chilln After a series of skirmishes and small battles against the Spanish and royalist forces from 1811–1813, OHiggins, Carrera, and other rebel generals chased the royalist army into the city of Chilln. They laid siege to the city in July of 1813, in the middle of the harsh Chilean winter. The siege was a disaster for the rebels. The patriots could not completely dislodge the royalists. When they did manage to take part of the town, the rebel forces engaged in raping and looting, which caused the province to sympathize with the royalist side. Many of Carreras soldiers, suffering in the cold without food, deserted. Carrera was forced to lift the siege on August 10, admitting that he could not take the city. Meanwhile, OHiggins had distinguished himself as a cavalry commander. Appointed Commander Not long after Chilln, Carrera, OHiggins, and their men were ambushed at a site called El Roble. Carrera fled the battlefield, but OHiggins remained despite a bullet wound in his leg. OHiggins turned the tide of the battle and emerged a national hero. The ruling junta in Santiago had seen enough of Carrera after his fiasco at Chilln and his cowardice at El Roble and made OHiggins commander of the army. OHiggins, always modest, argued against the move, saying that a change of high command was a bad idea, but the junta had decided: OHiggins would lead the army. The Battle of Rancagua OHiggins and his generals battled Spanish and royalist forces throughout Chile for another year before the next decisive engagement. In September 1814, Spanish General Mariano Osorio was moving a large force of royalists into position to take Santiago and end the rebellion. The rebels decided to make a stand outside the town of Rancagua, on the way to the capital. The Spanish crossed the river and drove off a rebel force under Luà ­s Carrera (brother of Josà © Miguel). Another Carrera brother, Juan Josà ©, was trapped in the city. OHiggins bravely moved his men into the city to reinforce Juan Josà © in spite of the approaching army, which far outnumbered the rebels in the city. Although OHiggins and the rebels fought very bravely, the result was predictable. The massive royalist force eventually  drove the rebels out of the city. The defeat could have been avoided had Luà ­s Carreras army returned, but it did not- under orders from Josà © Miguel. The devastating loss at Rancagua meant that Santiago would have to be abandoned: There was no way to keep the Spanish army out of the Chilean capital. Exile OHiggins and thousands of other Chilean rebels made the weary trek into Argentina and exile. He was joined by the Carrera brothers, who immediately began jockeying for position in the exile camp. Argentinas independence leader,  Josà © de San Martà ­n, supported OHiggins, and the Carrera brothers were arrested. San Martà ­n began working with Chilean patriots to organize the liberation of Chile. Meanwhile, the victorious Spanish in Chile were punishing the civilian population for their support of the rebellion. Their harsh brutality only caused the people of Chile to long for independence. When OHiggins returned, the general population was ready. Return to Chile San Martà ­n believed that all of the lands to the south would be vulnerable as long as Peru remained a royalist stronghold. Therefore, he raised an army. His plan was to cross the Andes, liberate Chile, and then march on Peru. OHiggins was his choice as the man to lead Chiles liberation. No other Chilean commanded the respect that OHiggins did (with the possible exception of the Carrera brothers, whom San Martà ­n did not trust). On January 12, 1817, a formidable rebel army of some 5,000 soldiers set out from Mendoza to cross the mighty Andes. Like  Simà ³n Bolà ­vars epic 1819 crossing of the Andes, this expedition was very harsh. San Martà ­n and OHiggins lost some men in the crossing, although their sound planning meant that most soldiers survived. A clever ruse had sent the Spanish scrambling to defend the wrong passes and the army arrived in Chile unopposed. The Army of the Andes, as it was called, defeated the royalists at the  Battle of Chacabuco  on February 12, 1817, clearing the path to Santiago. When San Martà ­n defeated the Spanish last-gasp attack at the  Battle of Maipu  on April 5, 1818, the rebel victory was complete. By September 1818, most Spanish and royalist forces had retreated to try to defend Peru, the last Spanish stronghold on the continent. End of the Carreras San Martà ­n turned his attention to Peru, leaving OHiggins in charge of Chile as a virtual dictator. At first, he had no serious opposition: Juan Josà © and Luis Carrera had been captured attempting to infiltrate the rebel army. They were executed in Mendoza. Josà © Miguel, OHiggins greatest enemy, spent the years from 1817 to 1821 in southern Argentina with a small army, raiding towns in the name of gathering funds and weapons for liberation. He was finally executed after being captured, ending the long-standing and bitter OHiggins-Carrera feud. OHiggins the Dictator OHiggins, left in power by San Martà ­n, proved to be an authoritarian ruler. He hand-picked a Senate and the 1822 Constitution allowed representatives to be elected to a toothless legislative body.  OHiggins was a de facto dictator. He believed that Chile needed a strong leader to implement change and control simmering royalist sentiment. OHiggins was a liberal who promoted education and equality and curtailed the privileges of the wealthy. He abolished all noble titles, even though there were few in Chile. He changed the tax code and did much to encourage commerce, including the completion of the Maipo Canal. Leading citizens who had repeatedly supported the royalist cause saw their lands taken away if they had left Chile and they were heavily taxed if they remained. The Bishop of Santiago, the royalist-leaning Santiago Rodrà ­guez Zorrilla, was exiled to Mendoza. OHiggins further alienated the church by allowing Protestantism into the new nation and by reserving the right to meddle in church appointments. He made many improvements to the military, establishing different branches of service, including a Navy to be led by the Scotsman Lord Thomas Cochrane. Under OHiggins, Chile remained active in the liberation of South America, often sending reinforcements and supplies to San Martà ­n and  Simon Bolà ­var, then fighting in Peru. Downfall OHiggins support began to erode quickly. He had angered the elite by taking away their noble titles and, in some cases, their lands. He then alienated the commercial class by continuing to contribute to expensive wars in Peru. His finance minister Josà © Antonio Rodrà ­guez Aldea was revealed to be corrupt, using the office for personal gain. By 1822, hostility to OHiggins had reached a crucial point. The opposition to OHiggins gravitated towards General Ramà ³n  Freile as a leader, himself a hero of the Independence wars, if not a hero of OHiggins stature. OHiggins attempted to placate his foes with a new constitution, but it was too little, too late. Seeing that cities were prepared to rise against him in arms, OHiggins agreed to step down on January 28, 1823. He remembered only too well the costly feuding between himself and the Carreras and how a lack of unity had almost cost Chile its independence. He went out in dramatic fashion, baring his chest to the assembled politicians and leaders who had turned against him and inviting them to take their bloody revenge. Instead, all present cheered for him and escorted him to his home. Exile General Josà © Marà ­a de la Cruz claimed that OHiggins peaceful departure from power avoided a good deal of bloodshed and said, OHiggins was greater in those hours than he had been in the most glorious days of his life. Intending to go into exile in Ireland, OHiggins made a stop in Peru, where he was warmly welcomed and given a large estate. OHiggins had always been a somewhat simple man and a reluctant general, hero, and president, and he happily settled into his life as a landowner. He met Bolà ­var and offered his services, but when he was offered only a ceremonial position, he returned home. Final Years and Death During his final years, OHiggins acted as an unofficial ambassador from Chile to Peru, although he never did return to Chile. He meddled in the politics of both countries, and he was on the verge of being unwelcome in Peru when he was invited back to Chile in 1842. He did not make it home, as he died of heart trouble while en route on October 24, 1842. Legacy Bernardo OHiggins was an unlikely hero. He was a bastard for most of his early life, unrecognized by his father, who was a devout supporter of the king. Bernardo was ingenious and dignified, not particularly ambitious nor an especially dazzling general or strategist. He was in many ways as unlike Simà ³n Bolivar as it is possible to be: Bolà ­var had much more in common with the dashing, confident Josà © Miguel Carrera. Nevertheless, OHiggins had many positive qualities that were not always apparent. He was brave, honest, forgiving, and dedicated to the cause of liberty. He did not back down from fights, even those he could not win. During the wars of liberation, he was often open to compromise when more stubborn leaders like Carrera were not. This prevented unnecessary bloodshed among rebel forces, even if it did mean repeatedly allowing the hot-headed Carrera back into power. Like many heroes, most of OHiggins failings have been forgotten and his successes are exaggerated and celebrated in Chile. He is revered as the Liberator of his country. His remains lie in a monument called The Altar of the Fatherland. A city is named after him, as well as several Chilean navy ships, countless streets, and a military base. Even his time as dictator of Chile, for which he has been criticized for clinging too tightly to power, is viewed by many historians as more beneficial than not. He was a strong personality when his nation needed guidance, yet by most accounts, he did not overly repress the people or use his power for personal gain. Many of his liberal policies, seen as radical at the time, are respected today. Sources Concha Cruz, Alejandor and Maltà ©s Cortà ©s, Julio.  Historia de Chile.  Bibliogrfica Internacional, 2008.Harvey, Robert.  Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence. The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John.  The Spanish American Revolutions 1808–1826. W. W. Norton Company, 1986.Scheina, Robert L.  Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791–1899. Brasseys Inc., 2003.Concha Cruz, Alejandor and Maltà ©s Cortà ©s, Julio.  Historia de Chile  Santiago: Bibliogrfica Internacional, 2008.Harvey, Robert.  Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence.The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John.  The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826. W. W. Norton Company, 1986.Scheina, Robert L.  Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899. Brasseys Inc., 2003.

Economic Integration has been the Most Concrete and Visible Essay

Economic Integration has been the Most Concrete and Visible Achievement of the EU Since its Creation - Essay Example The process of economic integration has been developed by the EU through involving the facet of political integration amid the member nations in order to establish a well-built monetary paradigm which could facilitate to strengthen the trade activities through considering efficient monetary guidelines (Seller, 2007). Political integration has been considered as the practice whereby countries pass over the desire as well as the ability to perform domestic and foreign guidelines of each other in an independent manner. This process is intended to strengthen decision making process of the nations rather than seeking mutual decision in terms of developing their new central organ. The term ‘political integration’ is also defined as a framework whereby the political leaders in different settings of national districts are influenced to alter their desired expectation as well as political activities to a well-structured new centre (Bache & et. al., 2011). Emphasizing upon the different practices and decisions of the EU in the context of monetary phenomenon, the major purpose of this report is to discuss the concept of economic integration in the EU. ... The process is intended to uphold lower prices both for the distributors and customers with the intention of enhancing the joint economic efficiency of the nations (Jovanovic, 2002). The concept of economic integration has been derived from Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) which had been taken by the European Council in the year 1991 and was preserved later under the treaty of EU. EMU has been recognized as an early step in terms of practicing the process of economic integration. The extent of economic integration can be segregated into six different steps which are designed to augment efficiency and empower the economic development of the states. In accordance with the economic integration process designed by the EU, the six major steps are namely the Preferential Trading Area, Free Trade Area, Customs Union, Single Market, Economic and Monetary Union as well as Complete Economic Integration (European Commission, 2012). Preferential Trading Area (PTA): Preferential trading areas (P TA) can be stated as certain areas, regions, states or nations among which the trade activities are conducted in a minimum custom barrier (Holden, 2003). Free Trade Area: It can be recognized as a group or collection of certain countries that appeal to maintain low trade policies as well as control mechanisms in terms of tariffs while performing trade activities amid each other. Free trade areas endorse the approving nations to freely execute trade activities of their products and/services so as to create economic efficiency of both the countries (Rodrigue, 2013). Customs Union (CU): The step tends to set widespread external tariffs between the member nations and

Critical literature review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical literature review - Assignment Example In contrast, some of the scholars have shown that performance management involves the scope for stereotyping and many other errors very frequently (Griffin and Moorhead, 2009). Therefore, it cannot be considered as a key constituent of organizational growth and development. In this paper, various aspects of performance appraisal will be critically analysed from the researchers’ point of view. Eminent researchers Melnyk, Bititci, Platts, Tobias and Andersen (2014) have identified the concept of performance management as a research paradox. According to them, though the system provides a critical and constructive assessment of employee functions in the organization, comparative assessment of employees in turn results in demotivation and deterioration of performance of some of the employees within the same organization. Therefore, performance management creates a paradoxical situation in the organization. Conversely, Armstrong and Taylor (2014) have shown that effective performance management enables the managers of an organization to review the performances of all individual employees and accordingly plan requirement for training and skill development, determine the performance gap and infuse visibility and accountability among the employees. Therefore, according to them, performance management tends to enhance organizational efficiency. Performance management can be explained through two contrasting theoretical perspectives such as Universalistic perspective and Contingency perspective. As defined by Hamid (2013) the universalistic approach establishes a direct relationship between management of human resource of an organization and performance of the employees. Hamid (2013) also stated that the universalistic approach of Human Resource Management (HRM) is based on the core idea of best practices of HRM. The approach is

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Charlotte Accepting The Job Commerce Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Charlotte Accepting The Job Commerce Essay The advantages of Charlotte accepting job is can focus the experience and expertise. This is because Charlotte can focus in their job that he like to do. Whereas the advantages of Charlotte accepting job is the demand on the managers time is high, ambiguous and uncertain operating environments and resistance to change is low. QUESTION 2 Explain the change in roles and skills of management that charlotte has to play and have with her position. Charlotte firstly worked as machine operator its roles just be a staff that work at lower levels her has little experience and knowledge. She had interpersonal roles work at Coccob four year and she has opportunities be a plant supervisor. She are good employees doesnt missed work at four year work and she had one of the high quality and quantity in organizations .she had the technical skill is the ability to utilize tools ,techniques and procedures that are specific to a particular fields. In additions,, charlotte had the human skill is the ability to work effectively with others and she had the conceptual skill that the ability to analyze complex situations like she can suitable with position that its take. QUESTION 3 Describe how Charlotte might expect to be involved in performances of the four management functions. Management process are an administrative activities aimed at defining a process, establishing responsibilities, evaluating process performance and identifying opportunities for improvement. Management process is including the four processes that is planning, control, leading and organization. Planning process can be define as a process or activities that setting a goal or list the actions necessary to achieve one goals. when charlotte become the plant supervisor, indirectly she has involve in planning process. This is because as a supervisor, she was responsible with the development and performances of company, where she was working. As a plant supervisor, she has to do a schedules work assignments for the junior employees to make sure the junior employees was doing their work accordingly and in systematic ways. Charlotte has to plan an schedule for her junior employees. Next process is the organizational process where the plant supervisor need to determined the task to be done, peop le or employees that responsible with that task and how that task will be managed and coordinated. Charlotte is responsible to organize the schedule or task to be given to the junior employees. Charlotte must ensure that, the information about the task must be stated clearly to the junior employees in order to make sure they can know what they really have to do. Next is, the leading process. As a plants supervisor, charlotte also have to leading the junior employees such as gives them motivate in order to make sure, the goal of the company can be archive. A leader must has the ability to motivate people, know the employee behavior and also has an communication effectiveness in order to make sure information can be shared to all of the people effectively. Charlotte also must be able to show the leadership quality and must be able to solve any problem. The last one process is control. Control can be define as process of controlling or monitoring the performance of the organization and its progress in implementing strategic and operational plans. Charlotte has to control the employees performances, in order to make sure that the performance can lead to the organization goals. QUESTION 4 How would these functions differ from the plant manager? The function between supervisor and plant manager is mostly different. It different in management process, that is planning, organizing, leading and control. Charlotte function he become a plant supervisor. This is the function of setting goals and objectives and converting them into specific plans. For a supervisor, the outcomes of planning include operating schedules, quality specifications, expense budgets, timetables, and deadlines. The planning process also establishes policies, standard operating procedures, regulations, and rules. For organizing. In performing this function, a supervisor lines up all available resources, including departmental tools, equipment, materials, and especially the workforce. It is at this stage that the organizational structure of a department is designed and its work is divided up into jobs. Thirdly, leading concept. This function gets the blood flowing in an organization. Supervisors energize the vital human resources of their department by providi ng motivation, communication, and leadership. Finally is controlling. Once departmental plans are set in motion, supervisors must periodically keep score on how well the plans are working out. To do so, supervisors measure results, compare them with what was expected, judge how important the differences may be, and then take whatever action is needed to bring results into line. Controlling is closely linked to planning, because control actions are guided by the goals established during the planning process. The function of plant supervisor is different with plant manager. A plant manager helps a companys senior management ensure that manufacturing processes are functional and adequate. The manager also supervises the work of personnel and makes sure production plans meet business requirements. Manager role, A plant manager supervises production activities and ensures that subordinates adhere to corporate policies when performing tasks. The manager also conducts staff meetings and hi res factory personnel. Secondly, operational role, A plant manager monitors production schedules and makes sure these schedules conform to corporate requirements. The manager also formulates safety policies with which factory workers must adhere when performing duties. For other considerations is an effective plant manager has a problem-solving disposition, leadership skills and deductive reasoning. Experienced plant managers often use notebook computers, operator terminals, enterprise resource planning software, and personal protective clothing. A plant manager position typically requires a bachelors degree in operations management or a related field. Cases Study two QUESTION 1 What is the source of the problem at Mr Antonios organizations? Mr Antonio is founder of AL Electronic Banking Company ,he so strike to his employees make employees feeling pressured, annoyed and mistrusted because Mr Antonio still favors his way of leaderships that his does not want his employees to socialize just work. He put cameras and other surveillance equipment together with close human supervision constitute a very controlled environment. QUESTION 2 Is Mr. Antonios style of leadership following the principle of the behavioral perspective? Mr. Antonios style of leadership is in the other side following the behavioral perspective, but in the other side again it was not followed the behavioral perspective. These is because there are many theory was made that give explanation about this behavioral perspective. Behavioral perspective can be defined as an acknowledgement about the importance of human behavior in shaping management style. It can be conclude that behavioral perspective is about study and understand the behavior of the employee in order to make it fix with the job or work given. Meaning here, that the behavioral perspective can measure the performance of the company, such as, if this one company does not focuses in the behavioral perspective about their employees, it might be lead to unstable in performance among their employees, where then would affect the company. Knowing the behavioral of the communities of that particular company, would then be easier for the manager or management team in that company to p lan an activity that suitable and can be following by the employees in order to gain the main goals. Behavioral perspective can be measure or can be define by follow some model. The first model is, through the Mary Parker Follett. Mary said that, the effective management is the harmonization among the surrounding of the work place. She felt that the manager should need to coordinate and harmonize group effort rather than force and coerce people. Mary also believes that the management is a continuous and dynamic process. Compare with what Mr. Antonia has done, such as putting the cameras all over the company, where his action cause to unharmonious of work surrounding. Second is the Elton Mayo model. Elton Mayo is the one that conducted the famous Hawthorne Experiments. Where in that Experiment state that, a productivity of one organization or company can be increased because attention was paid to the worker. Based on this model, what is Mr. Antonio doing is followed the principle of behavioral perspective. For example, he put the camera in order to look and to give fully attention to what his worker doing, but unfortunately, these put all the employees in the uncomfortable condition when in work. Next is the model of Douglas McGregor who proposed the theory of x and y. These both of this theory explain that, the theory y are more professional in doing work compare to the theory x. Theory X are more into traditional assumption and quite lazy to work and desire to work as little as can. They will work only if there have supervision. The leadership style that played by Mr. Antonio are suitable to handle the employees in generation x, because they only will do their work if there have any supervision. While , for the theory Y, it was differ from the theory X , where the theory Y are more into enjoying doing their work. These will lead to a problem, when Mr. Antonio are being using the cameras and other technologies in order to control and supervise his employees, i t would then create uncomfortable condition to generation Y, because mostly, employees in theory Y are do not like to be control. They more likely like to play when doing some work. If the control was so tight, it may be make the employees become no mood to do the job effectively. QUESTION 3 What is your view on Mr. Antonios style of managing? Based on the contents, Mr Antonios style managing is more to decide style. He do not care about other people action or reaction about the decision that have he done. He also actually be a the telling leader. This leader only tells or give construction about the works that must be done from his employees. Mr Antonio does not worry too much about the feeling or relationship within the group or his team. This is appropriate where members are new, inexperienced, lacking in confidence or need a lot of help and direction in order to get the job done. The leader should give clear directions and provide follow-up and feedback. This environment is not good if it happen in ours company or in ours teams. The works that we want do will not have a quality and we just want the work is done as what our leader wants. In same situation, Mr Antonio just give direction to his employees without ask them if they can do the work that he give. His employees is paid for do their work, not to socialize, but as a normal human, his employees need have a comfortable environment to do their work and explaination from him as a leader in that company. It also important to make sure all task or work that his employees will do is have good quality and right without any mistake when his employees do the task or project. To be a leader, it is not must to be strictly person and make his or her employees uncomfortable to her or him. It is more good, if all employees have respected from them to their leader and make their leader as a mentor or idol for them. QUESTION 4 What school of thoughts would you think to be most suitable in Mr Antonios organization? Explain School of thought that the most suitable for Mr Antonios organization is system perspective. System perspective can be viewed as a combination of three building blocks that is input, outputs and transformation process. Because of Mr Antonio;s organization are more modern by using latest technologies this system are very suitable for his company. Cases Study 3 QUESTION 1 Identify and described any three plans expressed by Texchem in the case. What way be the possible advantage or disadvantage associated with these plans? Three plan that expressed by Texchem is corporate strategic planning, functional strategic planning and business strategic planning. Corporate strategic planning involves assessing the organizations portfolio of business to determine whether an appropriate mix exists. The objective is to develop a mix of business units that meets the long-term goals of the organization. Diversification is often occurs in this plan and its occurs when an organization choose to add new business unit to its portfolio of business. Texchem also apply diversification concept whereas they add new product in their business that is plastic packaging factory for electrical and engineering equipment. Furthermore they also add up a manufacturing facility plant for surimi (minched fish meat), fishmeal (animal feed) and other aquaculture products. Secondly is functional strategic planning. Functional strategic planning specifies the production, research and development, financial, human resource management, and ma rketing activities necessary to implement the organizations corporate and business strategies. Texchem apply this plan by built five division of growth. They are industrial division, family care division, consumer division, packaging division and food division. Lastly is business strategic planning. Business strategic planning can be defined in questionnaire how each business unit in the organizations corporate portfolio will operate in its market arena?. It can be seen in Texchem Resource Bhd. where Texchem Food entered into a joint venture agreement with Myanmar-based Mascot Industries Co. Ltd to manufacture and market surimi, fishmeals, seafood sticks and aquaculture products in Myanmar. This joint venture will gain the profitability in their business. The advantages of this plan is managers can get a better coordination about their overall business. Furthermore, their business system will be more effective and efficiency. Besides that, employee also will involve in decision maki ng. This will gain input from all levels of a firm and its essential for successful planning. Other than that, this plan also encourage strategic thinking. Effective strategic thinking can be developed through training and practice. The disadvantages of the plan that apply by Texchem is demands on the managers time, ambiguous and uncertain operating environments and resistance to change. QUESTION 2 Did Texchem develop any contingency plans as part of their business expansion strategies? If so, briefly describe them. Yes, Texchem have develop contingency plans. Contingency plans is development of two or more plans each based on different conditions. In Texchem company, they have plan to sell Domestos Nomos mosquito coils to other parts of the world by tapping Unilevers vast distribution work. Texchem tapping Unilevers as a plan B to gain more profitability. QUESTION 3. What are Texchems international business expansion plans? Texchems international business expansion plans is to collaborate with the other company in different type of country. For example, Texchem has collaborate with plastic packaging factory for electrical and engineering equipment in Philippines, manufacturing facility plant in Myeil, Myanmar and coloborate with big brand company that is Unilevers. Cases Study 4 QUESTION 1 If you were given the opportunity to undertake this task, what would you do? If I was given the opportunities to take this problem, I would then try to do the same thing like what the banks board director want to do with the bank branch. I will then build the bank into a learning organization. Where learning organization mean, the employees or the bank branch develop as a result of the pressures facing modern organizations and enables them to remain competitive in the business environment. Learning organization has five main features, that is the first one is system thinking, where in system thinking, the bank branch has to study the businesses as limited objects. Learning organizations use this method of thinking when measuring their company and have information systems that measure the performance of the organization as a whole and of its various sections. Secondly, is personal mastery, that can be define as the commitment of an individual or employees to the process of learning. Individual learning is acquired through staff training and development, but le arning cannot be force to some individual that is not receptive to learning. Its was important to develop a culture where personal mastery is practiced in daily life. A branch manager might then be training be prepared to faced any changes that was made by the board of director. Thirdly is, mental model, where the individual or the branch manager tend to adopt theories, which are what are they tend to follow and use the theories or rule set by the board of director. A mental model also was an explanation of someones thought process about how something works in the real world is. Mental model can help shape behavior and set an method to solving problems to doing a tasks. Next is the shared vision. The development of share vision is important to motivate the employees, as it will create a common identity that provide focus and energy for learning. The shared vision is often succeed to against a competitor. Rapid changes in society are requiring rapid changes in educational organizatio n. The bank branchs manager has to revisit or look back into their main mission so that they not lost in order to achieve their mission. The last one of the main feature of learning organization is team learning. Team learning can be define as a process of working together to achieve a common objectives in a group. In the learning organization context, team member tend to share knowledge with each others by skills. If there is no commitment in that team, team work may fail and the mission of one organization may not be achieve. By these all feature, the bank branch can improve it capacity and will have continuously learning, adapt and change towards progress with each other QUESTION 2 What suggestion would you offer to the board of directory to ensure that the bank accomplishes its goals? I would then suggest the board of directory to uses and follow the management process in order to make sure that the bank can achieve its goals. By using the management process, such as follow the first process that is planning. In planning process, the board of director should ensure that the current decision must consider the future operating. By doing the planning process, they would know what to do next after one goal have been achieve. The planning will make their work become easier in order to accomplish its goals and the entire branch manager can know their responsibilities. Planning also provides groundwork for the organization of a wide range of organizational activities. Planning can be classified into two categories that are the first one is strategic and the second one is operational. Strategic planning is more focus on long term planning. While, operational planning are more focuses on short term actions. using this two type of planning, a board of director can plan each of their plan in a long term plan that include in five until ten years, and using the short term plan in order to achieve their goal. Next process is through the policy making, where the purpose of these policy making is ensuring that the employees was make the decision and taking any action through the guidance that has provided by the board of director. The guidance, also known as policies are statements about the direction from management and the board. From this policy making, each of the bank branch then can have consistency in their management and would not against with each other. Next process is the personnel administration. Through this process, the board of director can ensure relevant recruiting, compensation, training, and personnel development activities. A banks personnel policies and procedures are energetic to the development and link of a quality staff. Personnel administration is considered in determining how well banks are managed include the organizational struc ture. So that, by this process, the organizational structure can be organize accordingly in every bank branch. Study Cases 5 QUESTION 1 What was the vision and plans that Steven Sim developed a little before 1997 that resulted in the success of Secret Recipe in Malaysia and other countries today? Steven Sim vision is to see their company brand growth up and make people appreciate what that they have done. Besides that, they also want to change publics perception of a cake shop, where cakes only for take-away and special occasion. Although, Steven Sim plans is to took a risk in gain up their company. Steven Sim took an advantages of the lower rentals and better exposure in terms of advertising and promotions at a time when most companies consolidating. QUESTION 2 Explain the Total Quality Management practice that was implemented and contribute to the many awards that Secret Recipe had won by 1998 onwards. Total Quality Management that practice by Secret Recipe is committed an effective leaders. This is because Steven Sim as a leader use the strategic planning to organize their company. Other than that, Steven Sim also monitor and training their worker to be more expert in their job. This strategy will built a team work among Secret Recipe worker. QUESTION 3 Describe the road map that Sim has drawn up for 2005 and beyond. Road map can be defined as an organization that set up to arrive at a certain place. In Secret Recipe company, Sim hopes to tap Chinese market and beyond. This is their target that is to growth up their company by make a business relationship with other market. Cases Study 6 QUESTION 1 what moivates the foreign competitors to choose Malaysia as their manufacture? Motivates is defined as forces either internal or external to person that act as inducements or that influence action to do something .foreign competitor motivates choose Malaysia as their manufacture because of Malaysia have impressive feature such as global focus is turning toward chindia ,the combined china india market and also the Asean region. Malaysia RD sector provide good breakthrough . QUESTION 2 Do you agree that both intrinsic reward play prominent role in encouraging the Malaysians to be players at the Honnover Fair ? Discuss your answer . Yes ,I agree that both intrinsic reward play prominent role in encouraging the Malaysia to be player at the Honnover Fair because of many reason .The first reason are Malaysian should be prove as a Malaysian that can motivate foreign competitive to manufacture to countries and Malaysia is to assert its position in what is veritably a Darwinist global environment in our RD innovations .Secondly, the reason is Professor Mohd Nasir Mohammad Ibrahim,school of Chemical Science USM was displaying a nickel -plated device for use in variety of applications such as industrial production and automotive industry. Lastly are Malaysian can enter into technological partnership with western institutions and corporations that strong in subcontracting and outstanding business . Malaysian could be use the fair to tap the international markets. QUESTION 3 How a job gets to be manufactured has various approaches . Explain the impact job design has in optimizing work productivity? Job design defines as the set of tasks and activities that are grouped together to constitute a particular job positions .The jobs manufacture has various approaches and impacts on the organizing process . The impact of jobs design has in optimizing work productivity is must achieve the organizations strategic that manufacture .The organization should must complete a number of tasks and activities. The second impacts is can organize a successfully without has the mistakes it because of manager organize good of the job design by give task according the group its more specific jobs that can be done and the goal of organizations would be achieve. The lastly is job descriptions are commonly used to describe the details of the responsibilities and tasks associated with a given position. Cases Study 7. QUESTION 1 Do you believe that Niko has a legitimate complaint? Explain. Yes, I believe that Niko has legimate complaint, this is because every person or employees should given chance to promoted. Niko should be given chance to handle another job or work in other position to show that the manager has appreciate the hard work that have done by Niko along the five year he been work at the Bifuho production. In the other hand, Niko also have already show a good images along he been working in five year with Bifuho production. Its is not fair for the person or employees that have been worked hard but does not been appreciate by the company itself. The manager should not only watching or searching for someone at the outside of company to bring in, in order to fulfill the job vacant. A manager also should looking into his own employees inside the company, that has the capability and ability to handle the new position, where the employees inside the company are more trustfully than the other people outside the company. The manager should change his view into loo king for someone outside to fulfill the job vacant. More over, the old employees in that company are longer being exposed with the mission of the company, while if the manager was hired the newest employees, it might too long for them to being exposed and know about the mission of company. Furthermore, promoted also is some type of the reward from company in order to increase the motivation of their worker. I think that, Niko has the right to talk about his unsatisfied about his position, because if he just only silent without complaint, It might make his motivation become down and it could then affect the performance of the company. In addition also, without any complaint about these issues it could maybe make the manager to do the same thing with the other employees, that would then decrease their motivation to work. QUESTION No. 2 Explain the possible impact to the organization if it practical recruitment from external sources. External recruitment is promotion for and asking candidates from outside the organization to vacant jobs. External recruitment is recruitment that finding new employees outside the organization that has skilled or qualified to fulfill existing job vacancies in that organization. When a business engages in external recruitment, a human resource people might be used to facilitate the search, contact and recruitment process. There are some impact to the organization if it practical recruitment from this type of recruitment. It may include the advantages and disadvantages gain by the organization. Choosing the candidate from outside the organization might bring new ideas and insight to the organization. These is because the organization may looking into some different perspective of their employees. This is what the manager of Bifuho trying to do. They rather choose the employees outside their organization because they looking for something difference and fresh in their perspective. Peop le when working together in same environment in long time, will be harder to see any different ideas among their employees. Looking for another candidate from external recruitment also was possibly cheaper than training a professional. When an organization are hiring the professional employees, it may be expensive to pay his or her salary because of the high demand of that professional employees. But when, they hiring the newest employees, it will save cost of paying the salary. These is because the newest employees would not put a higher demand on the salary. Bifuho company might be scare to choose the experienced employees like Niko, because scare if Niko will ask for a higher salary than what he already have. Apart from that, choose an employees from external source also will force a employee from inside the organization to update their skill and knowledge in order to compete with the newest employee. This can lead to the improvement of the quality and also performance of the org anization. The external recruitment also give the negative or disadvantages impact to the organization. The selected person or candidates may be not fit with the job or organization. These may lead to unstable performance of that organization. For example job like a customer service where the employees have to deal with a people in their daily work, if the candidates is a shy person it would be hard for that employees to do their work easily. It might then reduce the performance of that organization. Apart from that, choosing employee from the external resource also lead to problem such as morale problem of the candidates that are chooses to fulfill the vacant jobs. The organization maybe do not have correct view about the behavior of that external candidates, compare with the internal recruitment, the behavior and their attitude are well known because they are already being working together in long time. A long adjustment time maybe need. For example the candidates may have to fami liarize their self in the new work surrounding. It might take a long time to adapt in new surrounding. This could affect the progression of the organization. QUESTION 3 Beside using external recruitment, what are the various methods that are the organization could use to get more talented employees. Apart from using the external recruitment to finding the best employees in order to fulfill the vacancies in one organization, there are various other method in order to find the candidates. For example, the first one is, finding the candidates among the exist employees that have in that organization. It has also known as the internal recruitment. It can be defined as looking for someone in that organization who are really qualified to fit into the job vacant. The managers are responsible to encourage their employees to apply the vacant jobs. Hiring and recruiting the former student of vocational school or universities, such as in Malaysia the Polytechnics School and also the Universities institute Technology Mara provide their student with the practical training which make their student are able to adapt with any organization after they graduate. Looking for some employees from this type of school may be easier to the organization because they does not bother to train new employees to fit the job given because the student are already being polish to do work in such industries. Other than that, the organization also can find the talented employees by asking some suggestion from the current employees to suggest someone that they known that have the abilities to fulfill the qualified work that needed by the organization. For example, the current employees of the organization may suggest his or her relatives, friends or whose they known that have the abilities and qualification to take the job vacant. It might help the organization to get talented employees because they have the strong referrer about the employees. In addition, a job fair also can meet the organization with the talented employees. On the job fair, such as the job exhibition, where all the job seekers can join the exhibition and meet with the manager, from that, the manager can choose which one candidates that have the ability and characteristic that can fulfill the job requirement. These is becaus e from the job fair, the ma

Toys R Us :: essays research papers

These past few years haven't quite been all fun and games for John Eyler, chairman and CEO of Toys "R" Us. Shortly after joining the company in January 2000, Eyler set about revamping Toys "R" Us to better compete in the marketplace while brushing up the company's image. But a downturn in the economy together with the effects of 9/11, not to mention the West Coast port lockout, wasn't part of the plan. Although he still has considerable work ahead of him, Eyler's efforts appear to be paying off. Total sales were up two percent for both the second quarter and the first six months of 2002, compared to the previous year, and results for the entire year should likewise prove relatively strong. The company credits "careful attention to inventory management combined with very strong expense controls" for the positive numbers. Customers, however, are impressed with the improved service, remodeled stores, and price cuts on hundreds of toys. Part of the company's successful turnaround lays in the partnership its Toysrus.com unit formed with Amazon.com just over two years ago to sell toys online. Under the agreement, Amazon.com is responsible for handling all orders, including shipping and customer service, for Toysrus.com. The primary responsibility of Toysrus.com is to choose the toys to offer online and make sure there's plenty of available stock. Both companies will face challenges, however. For Amazon.com, the test will be to make sure its complex fulfillment systems integrate seamlessly with Toysrus.com's. The eTailer must also coordinate the tricky placement of products in distribution centers to avoid cost overruns. Toysrus.com is faced with finding the right balance between supplying Toys "R" Us stores and the web site with "hot" toys, so as not to disappoint customers. Furthermore, to make orders profitable, it must get people to buy multiple products. The venture has also helped build both companies' brand names and extend their reach into the marketplace. According to John Barbour, president of Toys "R" Us International, and one of the executives who played a pivotal role in creating the partnership, about 1.

Dreams and Escapism within Death of a Salesman and Road Essay

Death of a Salesman was written in 1949 in New York, right on the brink of a consumerist explosion. The American Dream that people had spent his life in pursuit of was suddenly altered and became highly materialistic. This left people, such as the character of Willy Loman, questioning their life and feeling secluded from this new wave of materialistic dream and the abandonment of self sufficiency. Along with this, other plays such as Cartwright’s Road was written and set in eighties Britain, in a northern Lancashire town. This was a time of high unemployment, particularly in the North, under Thatcher’s conservative power. The working class were hit hard and many declined into poverty, any dreams at this point would appear hopeless faced with recession and a government that showed no remorse to the characters depicted in Road. Both were faced with times of dramatic change that both sets of characters could not adjust to cope with, which is where escapism is used. In the introduction of the play, Miller proves to his audience that dreaming is evident in Death of a Salesman. â€Å"An air of the dream clings to the place, a dream rising out of reality†. By using the phrase â€Å"rising out† this indicates that this dream is a way of escaping, this sets the scene and tone of the whole play and how Willy is in a constant dream, unable to acknowledge the reality of his existence. The structure of the play is constructed like a stream of consciousness throughout, adding to the overall theme. Parallel to this, the structure within road is fragmented to emphasise the state of life within Road and also to represent the broken relationships. The characters within Road make no effort to disguise the misery and reality apparent in their lives and portray it at face value through various monologues, which although are not structurally reality orientated the messages within them are. They are full of hopelessness and failed dreams and so for many; escapism is taking refuge in sex and alcohol to numb the despair and even starvation in an extreme case, as being a way out. However, some characters experience escapism through hallucination and Skin-Lad turned to religion to resolve his despair. Another form of escapism used is taking refuge in the past. Willy constantly encloses himself in past situation, re-living them and even having conversations with characters that are only apparent in his own mentality. The positioning of scenes such as these let the imagined characters break all boundaries by entering or leaving rooms through â€Å"walls†. This further represents the fragile psychological state of Willy and how his mind has no restrictions and is unable to differentiate reality from creations of his own mind. Willy constantly refers to the past as more desirable, the first time Willy is seen lapsing off into the past is when he encounters Biff after arriving home. The conversation between Willy and Linda reflects Willy’s disappointment in Biff and what he has become. After failing to deal adequately with his feelings, he escapes into a time when things were better for his family. The fact he is more engrossed with memories than the present day, shows his willingness to escape to the past; where his life was once idyllic, and his lack of compassion to stay in reality. This type of escapism can also be identified within Road, particularly in Jerry’s monologue where the opening line states â€Å"I can’t get over it. I can’t get over the past, how it was. I just can’t†. He goes on to further reveal to the audience about the time he spent in the RAF on national service. Similar to Willy, as he is reminiscing, his dream enters into reality. As he describes certain objects he reaches out to touch them as if they are still there. This device is used to create a link between past and present and dream and reality. It is obvious both characters use the past to cover the present reality. The language within Road, particularly within the monologues, does not provide a realistic representation of the characters typical vernacular which is usually gutter language. This is used to create a contrast against themselves and their lives, another way to separate themselves from their reality. The text adapts a poetic resonance which seems unfitting for the topics being covered. â€Å"I’ve been done by them, it, the crushing sky of ignorance† it has a strange beauty, just like road itself. Humour is also present throughout to divert away from what would be considered tragic occurrences however this is occasionally interrupted by graphic realism, such as Claire and Joey’s untimely death through starvation. But true to the structure of the play, it is quickly overlooked by the narrator, Scullery who simply states â€Å"Hey, we’s gonna miss last orders† which would not be considered a realistic reaction. However, within Death of a Salesman the language which is used is typical of the characters. It is the context in which it is presented that provides the difference, particularly Willy’s conversations with characters which are not present. The end of Road depicts a group of characters chanting together â€Å"Somehow a somehow a somehow – Might escape†. This is an unrealistic technique used to restore the hope and dreams that had been diminished throughout the entirety of the play. It also re-assures the audience that there might be someway out of this squalid existence that has been portrayed, and that even after everything, there is underlying hope. However, in complete contrast to this Death of a Salesman’s closing scenes portrays Willy’s funeral. His constant dream-like existence is finally exposed to show Willy for who he really was. The reality is enforced and everything dream-related has died with Willy, leaving the harsh truth. In both plays, dreams and escapism are used thoroughly to uplift the tragic reality of the era in which the plays are set. Although, different strategies in both are used to cope with harsh realities they both provide a form of escapism for the characters and audience alike. Whether this is the humour, drink, sex and drugs present in Road or the constant reliance on the past and denial of present reality featured in Death of a Salesman.